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Paramagnetism

Paramagnetism

Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...

Types Of Superconductors

Types Of Superconductors

A superconductor is a substance that offers zero resistance to the electric current when it drops below a critical temperature. Zero resistance is not the only interesting phenomenon as materials reach their transition temperatures. A second effect is the exclusion of magnetic fields. This is known as the Meissner effect. A light, permanent magnet placed over a superconducting sample will levitate in a stable position above the superconductor. High-speed trains that levitate on strong...

Ferromagnetism

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...

Magnetism

Magnetism

Magnets are commonly found in everyday objects, such as toys, hangers, elevators, doorbells, and computer devices. Experimentation on these magnets shows that all magnets have two poles: one is labeled north (N) and the other south (S). Magnetic poles repel if they are alike and attract if unlike. Moreover, both poles of a magnet attract unmagnetized pieces of iron.
An individual magnetic pole cannot be isolated. No matter how small, every piece of a magnet contains a north pole and a south...

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

In linear magnetic materials, like paramagnets and diamagnets, magnetization is proportional to the magnetic field intensity. The constant of proportionality, a dimensionless number, is called magnetic susceptibility. The value of the susceptibility depends on the type of material.
When diamagnetic materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Hence, the susceptibility for diamagnets has a minimal negative value of 10-5–10-6. Since...

Potential Due to a Magnetized Object

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Magnetic dipoles in magnetic materials are aligned when placed under an external magnetic field. For paramagnets and ferromagnets, dipole alignment occurs in the direction of the magnetic field. However, the dipoles align opposite to the field in the case of diamagnets. This state of magnetic polarization due to the external field is called magnetization. Magnetization is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume. It plays a similar role to polarization in electrostatics.
The vector...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2026

Scanning SQUID Study of Vortex Manipulation by Local Contact

Scanning SQUID Study of Vortex Manipulation by Local Contact

Published on: February 1, 2017

Magnetoelectric control of superparamagnetism.

Hyungsuk K D Kim¹, Laura T Schelhas, Scott Keller

¹Department of Materials Science and Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.

|February 13, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers show electric fields can switch magnetic properties in a multiferroic composite at room temperature. This discovery enables turning permanent magnetic moments on and off using electrical control.

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Condensed Matter Physics
Nanotechnology

Background:

Multiferroic materials offer potential for novel electronic devices by coupling magnetic and electric properties.
Controlling magnetic states with electric fields is a key goal for low-power spintronics.

Purpose of the Study:

To demonstrate electric-field induced magnetic anisotropy in a multiferroic composite.
To show room-temperature switching between superparamagnetic and ferromagnetic states.
To investigate the effect of electric poling on magnetic properties.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of a multiferroic composite with nickel nanocrystals on a piezoelectric substrate.
Measurement of magnetic properties, including blocking temperature shifts.
Application of electric fields to induce changes in magnetic anisotropy.

Main Results:

Successfully demonstrated electric-field induced magnetic anisotropy.
Achieved switching between superparamagnetic and single-domain ferromagnetic states at room temperature.
Observed a 40 K shift in blocking temperature after electric poling.

Conclusions:

This work presents the first system where an electric field can reversibly switch a permanent magnetic moment on and off.
The findings open new avenues for electric-field controlled magnetic memory and logic devices.