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01:11Blinding
Blinding is a commonly used method of not telling participants which treatment a subject is receiving. Blinding is a critical part of a randomized control trial or RCT. It reduces the bias that affects the results. In an RCT, blinding is used in the form of a placebo. A placebo effect occurs when untreated subjects falsely believe they have received the treatment and report improved symptoms. A placebo or a dummy treatment is administered to subjects to negate the bias caused by such an effect.
02:21Spontaneity
A spontaneous process is one that occurs naturally under certain conditions. A nonspontaneous process, on the other hand, will not take place unless it is “driven” by the continual input of energy from an external source. Processes have a natural tendency to occur in one direction under a given set of conditions. Water will naturally flow downhill (spontaneous process), but uphill flow (nonspontaneous process) requires outside intervention such as the use of a pump. Iron exposed to the earth’s...
01:12Hindsight Biases
Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now?
02:09Bystander Effect
The discussion of bullying highlights the problem of witnesses not intervening to help a victim. This is a common occurrence, as the following well-publicized event demonstrates. In 1964, in Queens, New York, a 19-year-old woman named Kitty Genovese was attacked by a person with a knife near the back entrance to her apartment building and again in the hallway inside her apartment building. When the attack occurred, she screamed for help numerous times and eventually died from her stab wounds.
01:13Nonconscious Mimicry
Nonconscious mimicry occurs when individuals alter their mannerisms to match the behaviors and expressions of those nearby, without intention.
01:16Focusing of Light in the Eye
Light rays enter the eye through the cornea, a transparent dome-shaped tissue that is the eye's outermost layer. The cornea bends or refracts, light rays traveling to the pupil. The shape of the cornea determines how much of the light is bent and whether the image will be focused correctly on the retina at the back of the eye. Once the light has passed through both refraction layers, it converges into a single focal point onto a small area. This is where photoreceptors start transforming...
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Using Electroencephalography Measurements and High-quality Video Recording for Analyzing Visual Perception of Media Content
Published on: May 26, 2018
A new perspective on spontaneous blinks.
Heiko Pult1, Britta H Riede-Pult, Paul J Murphy
1Dr. Heiko Pult-Optometry and Vision Research, Weinheim, Germany. ovr@heiko-pult.de
Ophthalmology
|February 13, 2013
Summary
Eyelid margins do not fully contact during spontaneous blinking due to misalignment. This study investigated eyelid contact and alignment during natural blinking in 30 subjects.
Area of Science:
- Ophthalmology
- Biomedical Engineering
- Human Physiology
Background:
- Understanding eyelid dynamics is crucial for ocular health.
- Spontaneous blinking is a complex physiological process.
- Previous research has not fully elucidated lid margin contact during blinks.
Purpose of the Study:
- To determine if upper and lower eyelid margins achieve complete contact during spontaneous blinks.
- To assess the degree of lid alignment in the z-axis during blinking.
Main Methods:
- A prospective case series involving 30 subjects.
- High-speed video recording from frontal and temporal-inferior views.
- Lissamine green dye used to assess lid margin contact; lid overblinking graded on a 5-point scale.
Main Results:
- 58.8% of blinks were incomplete, with higher rates in men.
- Mean upper lid overblinking grade was 3.0 ± 0.9, significantly correlated with age.
- Lissamine green required an average of 1.5 forced blinks for removal.
Conclusions:
- Central eyelid margins do not make complete contact during spontaneous blinks.
- Lid misalignment, or overblinking, is the primary reason for incomplete contact.
- Eyelid alignment during blinking is age-dependent.