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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Heart01:27

Anatomy of the Heart

The human heart is made up of three layers of tissue that are surrounded by the pericardium, a membrane that protects and confines the heart. The outermost layer, closest to the pericardium, is the epicardium. The pericardial cavity separates the pericardium from the epicardium. Beneath the epicardium is the myocardium, the middle layer, and the endocardium, the innermost layer. There are four chambers of the heart: the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium, and the left ventricle.
Anatomy of the Eyeball01:20

Anatomy of the Eyeball

The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle layer, the vascular tunic,...
Overview of the Heart01:07

Overview of the Heart

The heart, a muscular organ located in the chest, functions as the body's pump, circulating blood through the vascular system. It has four chambers: two atria on top and two ventricles below. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body and passes it to the right ventricle, which pumps it to the lungs for oxygenation. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and transfers it to the left ventricle, which pumps it to the rest of the body.
The heart's structure...
Location and Orientation of the Heart01:13

Location and Orientation of the Heart

The human heart, despite its modest size and weight, is an organ of remarkable strength and endurance. Roughly the size of a fist, the heart weighs between 250 and 350 grams and is nestled within the mediastinum, the medial cavity of the thorax. It extends obliquely for about 12 to 14 cm, resting on the superior surface of the diaphragm. The heart is positioned anterior to the vertebral column and posterior to the sternum, with two-thirds of its mass lying to the left of the midsternal line.
Chambers of the Heart01:16

Chambers of the Heart

The human heart is a complex organ made up of four chambers: the right and left atria and the right and left ventricles. These internal chambers are separated by partitions known as the interatrial and interventricular septa. The exterior of the heart features a groove known as the coronary sulcus that demarcates the atria from the ventricles, while the anterior and posterior interventricular sulci distinguish between the two ventricles.
Deoxygenated blood from the body is received in the right...
Anatomy of the Heart01:20

Anatomy of the Heart

The heart is a hollow, muscular organ approximately the size of a fist, consisting of four chambers. It is enclosed in the pericardium, a fibrous sac with two layers: the visceral and parietal pericardium, separated by a fluid-filled space containing serous fluid to reduce friction.
The heart has three layers: the innermost endocardium, the muscular myocardium, and the outer epicardium, all working together for optimal cardiac function.
Chambers of the Heart
The heart is made up of four...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Whole Vitreous Humor Dissection for Vitreodynamic Analysis
04:41

Whole Vitreous Humor Dissection for Vitreodynamic Analysis

Published on: May 24, 2015

The eye and the heart.

Josef Flammer1, Katarzyna Konieczka, Rosa M Bruno

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Mittlere Strasse 91, Basel 4031, Switzerland. jflammer@uhbs.ch

European Heart Journal
|February 13, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The eye

Keywords:
Cardiovascular riskEndothelial functionGlaucomaRetinal vein occlusionRetinal venous pressureRetinal vesselsSystemic hypertensionSystemic hypotensionVascular dysregulation

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Last Updated: May 9, 2026

Whole Vitreous Humor Dissection for Vitreodynamic Analysis
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Published on: May 24, 2015

Dissection Techniques and Histological Sampling of the Heart in Large Animal Models for Cardiovascular Diseases
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Dissection Techniques and Histological Sampling of the Heart in Large Animal Models for Cardiovascular Diseases

Published on: June 16, 2022

Preparation and Analysis of Histological Slides of Rat and Mouse Eyeballs to Evaluate the Retina
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Preparation and Analysis of Histological Slides of Rat and Mouse Eyeballs to Evaluate the Retina

Published on: August 23, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology and Cardiology
  • Vascular Biology
  • Medical Diagnostics

Background:

  • The eye's vasculature offers insights into cardiovascular health.
  • Cardiovascular risk factors impact various eye diseases.
  • Ocular vascular changes can indicate systemic cardiovascular issues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the link between cardiovascular health and eye diseases.
  • To highlight the diagnostic potential of ocular vascular signs.
  • To discuss functional vascular alterations in ocular health.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of morphological signs like arteriovenous nipping and retinal vessel dilation.
  • Investigation of functional alterations via neurovascular coupling and flow-mediated dilation.
  • Correlation of systemic risk factors (hypertension, diabetes) with ocular conditions.

Main Results:

  • Ocular vascular signs (e.g., arteriovenous nipping, dilated retinal veins) are linked to cardiovascular risk.
  • Systemic conditions like hypertension and diabetes are risk factors for eye diseases.
  • Vascular dysregulation affects ocular blood flow, potentially leading to oxidative stress and glaucomatous neuropathy.

Conclusions:

  • The eye serves as a window to cardiovascular health.
  • Morphological and functional vascular changes in the eye are crucial for diagnosing cardiovascular risk and related eye diseases.
  • Understanding vascular dysregulation is key to preventing ocular complications.