Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification01:24

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...
Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue01:27

Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue

Chondrocytes form a temporary cartilaginous model by dividing and secreting a thick gel-like extracellular matrix. Once the chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death, osteoblasts enter the site of the cartilaginous model. The process of replacing the temporary cartilaginous model with bone in an ordered manner is called endochondral ossification. In endochondral ossification, not all of the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. Some cartilage that performs a protective and supportive function...
Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification01:29

Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification

Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
The process begins when mesenchymal cells in the embryonic skeleton gather together and differentiate into osteogenic cells, which then develop into...
Development of the Limb Synovial Joints01:07

Development of the Limb Synovial Joints

Joints form during embryonic development in conjunction with the formation and growth of the associated bones. The embryonic tissue that gives rise to all bones, cartilage, and connective tissues of the body is called mesenchyme.
The mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes that form the hyaline cartilage, and later the cartilaginous model of the bone. This model further transforms into a bone. This process is known as endochondral ossification.
During development, the limbs...
Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Skin-derived G-CSF activates pathological granulopoiesis upon psoriasis.

EMBO molecular medicine·2026
Same author

A Vascularized Microphysiological System Reproducing Endochondral Ossification in Vitro to Study Ewing Sarcoma Proliferation and Migration.

Advanced functional materials·2026
Same author

Neural resilience improves survival in cardiovascular patients.

Cardiovascular research·2026
Same author

Role of external forces in the mechanobiology of stem and differentiated chondrogenic cells embedded in a tissue-engineered construct for cartilage repair.

Journal of biomedical science·2026
Same author

Migration and Chondrogenesis of Cells from Minced Nasal Cartilage in Type I Collagen Hydrogel: A Workflow for One-Step Engineering of Injectable Grafts.

Gels (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Modular de- and re-construction of vascularized osteochondral tissues in an Organ-on-Chip dual-compartment platform.

Journal of orthopaedic translation·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2026

Integrated Bone Formation Through In Vivo Endochondral Ossification Using Mesenchymal Stem Cells
06:05

Integrated Bone Formation Through In Vivo Endochondral Ossification Using Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Published on: July 14, 2023

Engineering of a functional bone organ through endochondral ossification.

Celeste Scotti1, Elia Piccinini, Hitoshi Takizawa

  • 1Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|February 13, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (hMSCs) engineered an ectopic "bone organ" with functional bone marrow and vasculature. This developmental engineering model advances bone regeneration and hematopoietic stem cell research.

More Related Videos

Culture of Murine Embryonic Metatarsals: A Physiological Model of Endochondral Ossification
07:23

Culture of Murine Embryonic Metatarsals: A Physiological Model of Endochondral Ossification

Published on: December 3, 2016

Culturing and Measuring Fetal and Newborn Murine Long Bones
06:58

Culturing and Measuring Fetal and Newborn Murine Long Bones

Published on: April 26, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 14, 2026

Integrated Bone Formation Through In Vivo Endochondral Ossification Using Mesenchymal Stem Cells
06:05

Integrated Bone Formation Through In Vivo Endochondral Ossification Using Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Published on: July 14, 2023

Culture of Murine Embryonic Metatarsals: A Physiological Model of Endochondral Ossification
07:23

Culture of Murine Embryonic Metatarsals: A Physiological Model of Endochondral Ossification

Published on: December 3, 2016

Culturing and Measuring Fetal and Newborn Murine Long Bones
06:58

Culturing and Measuring Fetal and Newborn Murine Long Bones

Published on: April 26, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Regenerative medicine
  • Stem cell biology

Background:

  • Endochondral ossification is crucial for bone development, lengthening, and repair.
  • Adult human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (hMSCs) can undergo endochondral ossification to form ectopic bone.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To engineer a scaled-up
  • bone organ
  • using hMSCs that mimics native bone structure and function.
  • To investigate the role of IL-1β in hypertrophic cartilage remodeling.
  • To characterize the hematopoietic compartment within the engineered bone.

Main Methods:

  • Subcutaneous implantation of engineered hypertrophic cartilage derived from hMSCs.
  • Utilizing IL-1β for efficient remodeling into bone and bone marrow.
  • Analysis of bone structure, vasculature, and hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells.

Main Results:

  • Engineered ossicles exhibited a cortical-like outer layer and trabecular-like inner bone, mimicking native bone development.
  • Vascularization occurred with sinusoid-like structures stabilized by pericytes.
  • The bone marrow compartment contained functional hematopoietic stem cells that reconstituted hematopoiesis in mice.

Conclusions:

  • hMSCs can be instructed via "developmental engineering" to form ectopic bone organs with native-like size, structure, and function.
  • This model provides a platform for studying bone morphogenesis, regeneration, and hematopoietic stem cell niches.
  • The findings support translational applications in bone repair and stem cell therapies.