Biomarkers in Multiple Sclerosis: An Up-to-Date Overview

Area of Science:

• Neuroimmunology
• Genomics
• Medical Imaging

Background:

• Multiple sclerosis (MS) presents complex clinical and pathophysiological challenges, hindering biomarker development.
• Advances in genomics, immunogenetics, neuroimmunology, and neuroimaging have identified numerous potential MS biomarkers.
• The abundance of biomarkers creates confusion for therapeutic decision-making.

Purpose of the Study:

• To define essential characteristics of reliable multiple sclerosis biomarkers.
• To critically review current biomarkers across genetic-immunogenetic, laboratory, and imaging categories.
• To assess biomarker potential for diagnosis, disease correlation, and treatment efficacy.

Main Methods:

• Review and critical analysis of existing literature on multiple sclerosis biomarkers.
• Categorization of biomarkers into genetic-immunogenetic, laboratorial, and imaging groups.
• Evaluation of established and emerging biomarkers, including HLA-DRB1* polymorphisms, oligoclonal bands, vitamin D, and advanced imaging techniques.

Main Results:

• Key characteristics for reliable biomarkers are outlined.
• Established biomarkers like HLA-DRB1* polymorphisms, oligoclonal bands, and vitamin D are discussed as 'gold standards'.
• Promising novel biomarkers, such as TOB-1 polymorphisms, are highlighted alongside conventional and non-conventional imaging.

Conclusions:

• A structured approach to evaluating multiple sclerosis biomarkers is crucial for clinical application.
• Reliable biomarkers are essential for accurate diagnosis, disease monitoring, and personalized therapeutic strategies.
• Continued research into novel biomarkers will enhance the management of multiple sclerosis.