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Updated: May 14, 2026

Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
Published on: February 13, 2021
Heart failure: clinical problem and management issues
John M Nicklas1, Barry E Bleske, Richard Van Harrison
1Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, 1600 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5853, USA. jnicklas@med.umich.edu
Abstract:
Heart failure (HF) often presents as dyspnea either with exertion and/or recumbency. Patients also experience dependent swelling and fatigue. Measurement of the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) identifies HF patients who may respond to pharmacologic therapy and/or electrophysiologic device implantation. Angiotension converting enzyme inhibitors, beta blockers, and aldosterone inhibitors can significantly lower the mortality and morbidity of HF in patients with an LVEF less than 35%. Cardiac defibrillators and biventricular pacemakers can also improve outcomes in selected patients with a decreased LVEF. The authors provide a guide for therapeutic decisions based on the inclusion criteria of the major clinical trials.
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