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Related Concept Videos

Heart Failure VII: Nursing Interventions01:30

Heart Failure VII: Nursing Interventions

The first step in nursing management of a patient with heart failure involves thoroughly assessing the patient's medical history.Subjective Data: Obtain the patient's medical history of coronary artery disease, hypertension, myocardial infarction, and symptoms like dyspnea, orthopnea, and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea.Objective Data: Conduct a physical examination to identify findings such as jugular vein distention, pulmonary crackles, tachycardia, murmurs, peripheral edema, and vital signs,...
Heart Failure I: Introduction01:27

Heart Failure I: Introduction

Heart failure refers to a clinical syndrome caused by structural or functional cardiac disorders that prevent the heart from pumping an adequate amount of blood to meet the body's metabolic needs. This condition often arises from myocardial infarction or ischemia, leading to decreased cardiac output, reduced tissue perfusion, impaired gas exchange, fluid volume imbalance, and decreased functional ability.Heart failure can result from disruptions in the mechanisms that regulate cardiac output...
Heart Failure V: Medical Management01:30

Heart Failure V: Medical Management

Medical Management of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (ADHF)The primary goals of therapy for patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) include:Relieving symptomsOptimizing volume statusSupporting oxygenation and ventilationMaintaining cardiac output (CO) and end-organ perfusionIdentifying and addressing the cause of ADHFPreventing complicationsProviding patient education on factors precipitating HF exacerbationPlanning for dischargeOngoing monitoring and assessment...
Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations01:26

Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations

Heart failure (HF) manifests primarily as dyspnea, fatigue, and fluid retention, resulting in peripheral and pulmonary edema. Symptoms may vary depending on which ventricle is more affected, left or right.Left-Sided Heart FailureAlso known as left ventricular failure, this condition results from the left ventricle's inability to fill or eject sufficient blood into the systemic circulation. It leads to pulmonary congestion, which occurs when the left ventricle fails to eject blood effectively...
Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation01:30

Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation

Heart failure can be classified in various ways, with the most common classifications based on physical activity limitations, disease progression, severity, and treatment strategies.The Functional Classification of Heart Failure divides patients into four categories based on physical activity limitation due to symptom burden.Class I: Patients in this class have cardiac disease but no physical activity limitations. Ordinary activities like walking, climbing stairs, or routine tasks do not cause...
Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2026

Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
09:20

Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

Published on: February 13, 2021

Heart failure: clinical problem and management issues.

John M Nicklas1, Barry E Bleske, Richard Van Harrison

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, 1600 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5853, USA. jnicklas@med.umich.edu

Primary Care
|February 14, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Heart failure (HF) management involves medications like ACE inhibitors and beta-blockers, and devices such as defibrillators for patients with low ejection fraction (LVEF < 35%). These treatments reduce mortality and improve outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Heart failure (HF) is characterized by symptoms like dyspnea, swelling, and fatigue.
  • Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is a key metric for assessing HF severity and guiding treatment.
  • Reduced LVEF (<35%) indicates a subset of HF patients who may benefit from specific interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline therapeutic strategies for heart failure based on LVEF.
  • To guide clinical decision-making using criteria from major HF trials.
  • To identify HF patients eligible for pharmacologic therapy and device implantation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of major clinical trials in heart failure.
  • Analysis of inclusion criteria related to LVEF.
  • Synthesis of evidence for pharmacologic and device-based therapies.

Main Results:

  • Pharmacologic agents including ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, and aldosterone inhibitors significantly reduce mortality and morbidity in HF patients with LVEF < 35%.
  • Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) and biventricular pacemakers improve outcomes in selected HF patients with reduced LVEF.
  • Therapeutic decisions are guided by established criteria from landmark clinical studies.

Conclusions:

  • Pharmacologic therapy and device implantation are crucial for managing heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.
  • LVEF measurement is essential for patient stratification and treatment selection.
  • Clinical trial data provides a robust framework for optimizing HF patient care.