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Herniated Intervertebral Disc l: Introduction

Herniated Intervertebral Disc l: Introduction

Intervertebral disc herniation refers to the displacement of the nucleus pulposus (the gel-like inner core of the disc) through a tear or weakened area in the annulus fibrosus (the outer fibrous ring). The displaced disc material extends beyond the normal boundaries of the disc space and may compress or irritate nearby spinal nerve roots or, less commonly, the spinal cord.Etiology and Risk FactorsHerniation commonly results from degeneration, in which aging reduces disc hydration and...

Degenerative Disc Disease ll: Pathophysiology

Degenerative Disc Disease ll: Pathophysiology

The symptoms of degenerative disc disease arise from a combination of mechanical compression, vascular compromise, and biochemical inflammation, which together disrupt nerve function and produce pain.Mechanical CompressionDisc degeneration reduces height and elasticity, predisposing to herniation of the nucleus pulposus, a major cause of radicular pain. Herniations may be protrusion (bulging with intact annulus), extrusion (nucleus extends beyond disc but remains connected), or sequestration...

Degenerative Disc Disease I: Introduction

Degenerative Disc Disease I: Introduction

Degenerative disc disease is a chronic condition in which intervertebral discs gradually lose structure and function. It is not infectious or autoimmune; rather, it results from age-related biochemical and mechanical changes, influenced by genetic, metabolic, and environmental factors.Structure and Function of DiscsThe spine contains 23 intervertebral discs that absorb load, distribute forces, maintain spacing, and allow flexibility. Each disc consists of a nucleus pulposus, a gel-like core...

Hiatal Hernia

Hiatal Hernia

A hiatal hernia is the abnormal protrusion of the stomach or other abdominal organs through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity.Normally, the gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) lies below the diaphragm and is supported by the phrenoesophageal membrane, the diaphragmatic crura, and connective tissues. Weakening of these structures—due to aging, congenital defects like a short esophagus, or increased intra-abdominal pressure from coughing, obesity, pregnancy, or heavy...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2026

Transtubular Endoscopic Posterolateral Decompression for L5-S1 Lumbar Lateral Disc Herniation

Transtubular Endoscopic Posterolateral Decompression for L5-S1 Lumbar Lateral Disc Herniation

Published on: October 14, 2022

Posteriorly migrated thoracic disc herniation: a case report.

Naohisa Miyakoshi¹, Michio Hongo, Yuji Kasukawa

¹Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, 010-8543, Japan. miyakosh@doc.med.akita-u.ac.jp.

Journal of Medical Case Reports

|February 14, 2013

Summary

Posterior epidural migration of thoracic disc herniation is rare. Surgical removal of sequestered disc material relieved paraplegia, highlighting its importance in differential diagnoses for thoracic masses.

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Last Updated: May 14, 2026

Transtubular Endoscopic Posterolateral Decompression for L5-S1 Lumbar Lateral Disc Herniation

Transtubular Endoscopic Posterolateral Decompression for L5-S1 Lumbar Lateral Disc Herniation

Published on: October 14, 2022

Area of Science:

Neurosurgery
Spinal Surgery
Radiology

Background:

Posterior epidural migration of thoracic disc herniation is an exceptionally rare condition.
It can mimic other spinal pathologies, making diagnosis challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

To report a rare case of posterior epidural migration of a herniated thoracic disc.
To emphasize the importance of considering this diagnosis in specific clinical scenarios.

Main Methods:

A 53-year-old male presented with sudden paraplegia.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a posterior epidural mass at T9-T10.
Emergency surgery included laminectomy, mass removal, and spinal fusion.

Main Results:

Histological examination confirmed sequestered disc material.
The patient's neurological symptoms resolved post-surgery.
Full recovery of ambulation was achieved within 4 weeks.

Conclusions:

Pre-operative diagnosis via MRI can be challenging due to the rarity of this condition.
Posterior epidural migration of thoracic disc herniation should be included in the differential diagnosis for enhancing posterior thoracic extradural masses.