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Related Concept Videos

Gene-Environment Interactions01:20

Gene-Environment Interactions

Gene expression is a dynamic process that is significantly influenced by environmental factors. This interaction underlies the complex nature of biological development and the phenotypic differences observed among individuals, even among those with identical genetic makeups. Factors such as radiation, temperature, behavior, nutrition, and stress play pivotal roles in determining how genes are expressed. The concept of the reaction range is central to understanding this interaction. It posits...
Transcription01:10

Transcription

Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds...
Transcription01:17

Transcription

Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in correctly synthesizing messenger RNA (mRNA). Transcriptional regulation is responsible for the differentiation of different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds of RNA Molecules
In eukaryotes,...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...

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Describing a Transcription Factor Dependent Regulation of the MicroRNA Transcriptome
07:23

Describing a Transcription Factor Dependent Regulation of the MicroRNA Transcriptome

Published on: June 15, 2016

Development × environment interactions control tph2 mRNA expression.

J L Lukkes1, J M Kopelman, N C Donner

  • 1Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, CO 80309, USA. jlukkes@mclean.harvard.edu

Neuroscience
|February 14, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Adolescent social isolation in female rats alters tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (tph2) gene expression in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DR). Isolation also affects behavioral responses to stress, suggesting long-term impacts on the serotonergic system.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Behavioral Neuroscience
  • Molecular Psychiatry

Background:

  • Adverse early life experiences, such as social isolation, are linked to increased susceptibility to mental health disorders.
  • Post-weaning social isolation in female rats sensitizes anxiety-related serotonergic systems in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DR).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the combined effects of post-weaning social isolation and anxiogenic drug challenge (FG-7142) on home cage behavior and DR serotonergic gene expression in female rats.
  • To determine if adolescent social isolation alters the response to stress-related stimuli.

Main Methods:

  • Juvenile female rats were socially isolated or group-reared from postnatal day 21 to 42.
  • Rats were subsequently challenged with FG-7142 (an anxiogenic drug) or vehicle.
  • In situ hybridization histochemistry was used to measure tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (tph2) mRNA expression in the DR.

Main Results:

  • Isolation-reared rats showed decreased tph2 mRNA expression in specific DR subdivisions compared to group-reared rats.
  • Isolation-reared rats exhibited increased vigilance and arousal behaviors in response to FG-7142.
  • FG-7142 decreased tph2 expression in group-reared rats but not in isolation-reared rats.

Conclusions:

  • Adolescent social isolation alters tph2 gene expression in distinct DR subregions.
  • Social isolation modifies behavioral and serotonergic responses to stress-related stimuli in female rats.
  • These findings highlight the long-term neurobiological consequences of early life adversity on anxiety-related pathways.