Related Concept Videos
02:18Network Covalent Solids
Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...
02:46Covalent Bonding and Lewis Structures
Compared to ionic bonds, which results from the transfer of electrons between metallic and nonmetallic atoms, covalent bonds result from the mutual attraction of atoms for a “shared” pair of electrons.
01:08Covalent Bonds
Overview
When two atoms share electrons to complete their valence shells, they create a covalent bond. An atom's electronegativity—the force with which shared electrons are pulled towards an atom—determines how the electrons are shared. Molecules formed with covalent bonds can be either polar or nonpolar. Atoms with similar electronegativities form nonpolar covalent bonds; the electrons are shared equally. Atoms with different electronegativities share electrons unequally, creating polar bonds.
When two atoms share electrons to complete their valence shells, they create a covalent bond. An atom's electronegativity—the force with which shared electrons are pulled towards an atom—determines how the electrons are shared. Molecules formed with covalent bonds can be either polar or nonpolar. Atoms with similar electronegativities form nonpolar covalent bonds; the electrons are shared equally. Atoms with different electronegativities share electrons unequally, creating polar bonds.
01:29Covalent Bonds
Overview
02:40Chemical Bonds
Atoms participate in a chemical bond formation to acquire a completed valence-shell electron configuration similar to that of the noble gas nearest to it in atomic number. Ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds are some of the important types of chemical bonds. Bond energy and bond length determine the strength of a chemical bond.
Types of Chemical Bonds
An ionic bond is formed due to electrostatic attraction between cations and anions. Often, the ions are formed by the transfer of electrons from...
02:40MO Theory and Covalent Bonding
The molecular orbital theory describes the distribution of electrons in molecules in a manner similar to the distribution of electrons in atomic orbitals. The region of space in which a valence electron in a molecule is likely to be found is called a molecular orbital. Mathematically, the linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) generates molecular orbitals. Combinations of in-phase atomic orbital wave functions result in regions with a high probability of electron density, while...
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Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 14, 2026
11:42
Fabrication of Gate-tunable Graphene Devices for Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Studies with Coulomb Impurities
Published on: July 24, 2015
Covalent chemistry on graphene.
Chun Kiang Chua1, Martin Pumera
1Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371.
Chemical Society Reviews
|February 14, 2013
Summary
Chemical functionalization of graphene improves its properties for diverse applications. This review covers recent solution-based methods targeting the graphene sp(2) backbone for enhanced material performance.
Area of Science:
- Materials Science
- Nanotechnology
- Chemistry
Background:
- Graphene exhibits exceptional properties, driving its use in numerous applications.
- Controlling graphene's processability and band gap is crucial for unlocking its full potential.
- Chemical functionalization is a key strategy for tailoring graphene's characteristics.
Purpose of the Study:
- To provide a comprehensive overview of recent solution-based graphene functionalization techniques.
- To explain the mechanisms of these functionalization reactions.
- To highlight methods that modify the graphene sp(2) backbone.
Main Methods:
- Focus on solution-based chemical functionalization of graphene.
- Detailed mechanistic explanations of reactions.
Main Results:
- Solution-based methods offer effective control over graphene's properties.
- Understanding reaction mechanisms is vital for targeted functionalization.
- Diverse chemical reactions can be employed to modify the graphene backbone.
Conclusions:
- Solution-based functionalization is essential for advancing graphene applications.
- Fine-tuning graphene's sp(2) backbone through chemistry enables property optimization.
- This review serves as a guide to current functionalization strategies for researchers.