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Predator-Prey Interactions

Predator-Prey Interactions

Predators consume prey for energy. Predators that acquire prey and prey that avoid predation both increase their chances of survival and reproduction (i.e., fitness). Routine predator-prey interactions elicit mutual adaptations that improve predator offenses, such as claws, teeth, and speed, as well as prey defenses, including crypsis, aposematism, and mimicry. Thus, predator-prey interactions resemble an evolutionary arms race.

Habitat Fragmentation

Habitat Fragmentation

Habitat fragmentation describes the division of a more extensive, continuous habitat into smaller, discontinuous areas. Human activities such as land conversion, as well as slower geological processes leading to changes in the physical environment, are the two leading causes of habitat fragmentation. The fragmentation process typically follows the same steps: perforation, dissection, fragmentation, shrinkage, and attrition.

Frequency-dependent Selection

Frequency-dependent Selection

When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.

Microbial Interactions: Predation

Microbial Interactions: Predation

Microbial predation refers to the process by which one microorganism kills and consumes another to obtain nutrients and energy. It encompasses both bacterial and protozoan predators. This interaction plays a crucial role in shaping microbial communities and regulating nutrient cycling.Bacterial Predators: Epibiotic vs. EndobioticBacterial predators are classified based on their mode of attack as either epibiotic or endobiotic. Epibiotic predators, such as Vampirococcus, attach to the surface of...

Ecological Disturbance

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Threats to Biodiversity

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2026

Linking Predation Risk, Herbivore Physiological Stress and Microbial Decomposition of Plant Litter

Linking Predation Risk, Herbivore Physiological Stress and Microbial Decomposition of Plant Litter

Published on: March 12, 2013

Degraded environments alter prey risk assessment.

Oona M Lönnstedt¹, Mark I McCormick, Douglas P Chivers

¹ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies and School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia.

Ecology and Evolution

|February 14, 2013

Summary

Coral reef degradation impairs fish behavior. Juvenile damselfish lost predator detection in dead coral, impacting survival and recruitment due to lost chemical cues.

Keywords:

Chemical alarm cues Pomacentrus amboinensis Pseudochromis fuscus coral degradation coral reefs predation

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Necropsy-based Wild Fish Health Assessment

Necropsy-based Wild Fish Health Assessment

Published on: September 11, 2018

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Last Updated: May 14, 2026

Linking Predation Risk, Herbivore Physiological Stress and Microbial Decomposition of Plant Litter

Linking Predation Risk, Herbivore Physiological Stress and Microbial Decomposition of Plant Litter

Published on: March 12, 2013

Necropsy-based Wild Fish Health Assessment

Necropsy-based Wild Fish Health Assessment

Published on: September 11, 2018

Area of Science:

Marine biology
Coral reef ecology
Behavioral ecology

Background:

Coral reefs face threats from climate change, including rising temperatures and ocean acidification.
Coral bleaching and death lead to habitat loss, impacting fish diversity and abundance.
The behavioral effects of coral reef degradation on inhabitants remain largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate how coral reef degradation affects the risk assessment behaviors of prey species.
To determine if juvenile damselfish can detect predators in degraded coral habitats.

Main Methods:

Laboratory and field experiments exposed juvenile damselfish to visual and olfactory predation cues.
Experiments utilized healthy live coral, thermally bleached coral, and dead coral.
Behavioral responses to predator cues were recorded across different coral conditions.

Main Results:

Juvenile damselfish responded to visual predator cues in all tested coral habitats.
Fish failed to respond to olfactory predator cues in dead coral habitats.
Degradation of chemical cues in dead coral likely explains the lack of olfactory response.

Conclusions:

Coral reef degradation significantly impairs prey's ability to assess predation risk.
The loss of olfactory cue detection in degraded habitats has severe implications for fish survival and recruitment.
Conservation of coral reef structure is crucial for maintaining essential predator-prey interactions.