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Related Concept Videos

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer is an enzyme that can...
Chromatin Immunoprecipitation- ChIP02:36

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation- ChIP

Chromatin immunoprecipitation, or ChIP, is an antibody-based technique used to identify sites on DNA that bind to transcription factors of interest or histone proteins. It also helps determine the type of histone modifications such as acetylation, phosphorylation, or methylation.
Types of ChIP
ChIP can be divided into two types - X-ChIP and N-ChIP. X-ChIP involves in vivo cross-linking of histones and regulatory proteins to DNA, fragmenting the DNA by sonication, and isolating the protein-DNA...
Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...
Heterochromatin02:38

Heterochromatin

The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions that take up more dye are called heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is further classified into two forms – constitutive heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatin.
Constitutive heterochromatin: It is a highly compact region of chromatin that is mostly concentrated in the centromere and telomere. Unlike euchromatin, the amino acid at 9th...
Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing02:41

Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing

In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
The chromatin structure, especially...
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...

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Updated: May 14, 2026

Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers
10:28

Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers

Published on: September 20, 2018

Targeting chromatin readers.

L I James1, S V Frye

  • 1Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.

Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
|February 14, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Epigenetic signaling offers a new way to treat diseases by targeting chromatin reader proteins. Small molecules are being developed to modulate these proteins, which play key roles in gene expression and disease.

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Last Updated: May 14, 2026

Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers
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Published on: September 20, 2018

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Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics and Molecular Biology
  • Drug Discovery and Development

Background:

  • Epigenetic signaling regulates gene expression and is a promising therapeutic avenue.
  • Chromatin reader proteins are crucial for mediating protein-protein interactions through modified lysine residues.
  • These proteins are increasingly recognized as viable therapeutic targets for various diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in understanding chromatin reader proteins.
  • To explore the modulation of chromatin reader protein activity using small-molecule ligands.
  • To highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting these proteins.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent research on chromatin reader proteins.
  • Analysis of studies focusing on small-molecule ligand development.
  • Synthesis of information on the role of chromatin readers in disease and therapeutic strategies.

Main Results:

  • Significant progress has been made in identifying and characterizing chromatin reader proteins.
  • Various small-molecule ligands have been developed to modulate the activity of these proteins.
  • These modulations show potential for therapeutic intervention in human diseases.

Conclusions:

  • Modulating chromatin reader proteins via epigenetic signaling is a novel therapeutic strategy.
  • Small-molecule ligands offer a promising approach to target these proteins for disease treatment.
  • Further research holds potential for developing effective epigenetic therapies.