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Related Concept Videos

Mitral Valve Prolapse I: Introduction01:27

Mitral Valve Prolapse I: Introduction

IntroductionThe mitral valve, one of the heart's four valves, regulates blood flow. These valves have flaps that open and close to direct blood properly through the heart and body. During each heartbeat, the flaps open for blood to pass through and seal shut to prevent backflow. Specifically, the mitral valve opens to allow blood flow from the heart's upper left chamber to the lower left chamber. It then closes securely as the lower left chamber contracts to pump blood to the body, preventing...
Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction01:20

Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction

Mitral regurgitation is characterized by the backward circulation of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium during systole, a phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart contracts and pumps blood out of the chambers. This abnormal flow occurs primarily due to the dysfunction of the mitral valve or its supporting structures, which include the mitral leaflets, chordae tendineae, annulus, and papillary muscles.Etiology and Mechanisms:Primary Mitral Regurgitation: This type arises from...
Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction01:22

Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction

Mitral Valve Stenosis (MVS) is a heart condition where the mitral valve narrows, impeding blood circulation from the left atrium to the left ventricle. The etiology and pathophysiology of this condition are multifaceted, leading to a cascade of cardiovascular complications.Causes of Mitral Valve StenosisRheumatic Heart Disease: It is the main cause of mitral valve stenosis, particularly in developing nations. This condition arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory illness resulting from...
Mitral Valve Prolapse II: Assessment and Management01:22

Mitral Valve Prolapse II: Assessment and Management

IntroductionA range of clinical features characterizes Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP), but it is important to note that many individuals with MVP are asymptomatic and may remain so throughout their lives. For those who do exhibit symptoms, the following are the key clinical features:Palpitations: This is a common symptom where individuals feel an irregular or rapid heartbeat. Palpitations in MVP are often due to arrhythmias such as premature ventricular contractions or supraventricular tachycardia.
Mitral Stenosis II: Clinical features and Diagnostic Tests01:23

Mitral Stenosis II: Clinical features and Diagnostic Tests

Mitral stenosis is a heart condition in which the mitral valve, which allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle, becomes narrowed or stenotic. This narrowing hinders blood flow and leads to clinical symptoms requiring specific medical evaluations and management strategies. The following overview outlines the clinical symptoms, assessments, diagnostic findings, prevention methods, and treatments for mitral stenosis.Clinical ManifestationsDyspnea (shortness of breath): This...
Mitral Regurgitation III: Medical Management01:25

Mitral Regurgitation III: Medical Management

Mitral regurgitation (MR) is characterized by retrograde blood circulation from the left ventricle into the left atrium due to inadequate mitral valve closure. The severity of the condition, symptoms, and underlying cause determine treatment strategies.Monitoring and Pharmacological TreatmentPatients with mild to moderate MR typically do not need immediate intervention but regular monitoring to assess progression and guide treatment. Patients with mild MR should have an echocardiogram every 3-5...

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Updated: May 14, 2026

Direct Re-implantation of Left Coronary Artery into the Aorta in Adults with Anomalous Origin of Left Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery (ALCAPA)
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Mitral arcade in adults -- a systematic overview.

Fayaz A Hakim1, Chandrasekaran Krishnaswamy, Farouk Mookadam

  • 1Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85255, USA.

Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.)
|February 15, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mitral arcade (MA), a rare congenital heart defect, involves abnormal mitral valve structures. This review focuses on MA

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Congenital Heart Disease
  • Cardiac Surgery

Background:

  • Mitral arcade (MA) is a rare congenital anomaly affecting the mitral valve and its tensor apparatus.
  • Characterized by elongated papillary muscles connected by fibrous tissue, MA primarily affects children.
  • Survival into adulthood is uncommon due to progressive mitral regurgitation and/or stenosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the limited information on mitral arcade in adult patients.
  • To elucidate demographic features, clinical presentation, and diagnostic approaches for MA in adults.
  • To summarize treatment strategies and outcomes for adult MA cases.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review focusing on adult cases of mitral arcade.
  • Analysis of reported demographic data, clinical manifestations, and diagnostic modalities.
  • Synthesis of information on therapeutic interventions and patient outcomes.

Main Results:

  • MA is infrequently diagnosed in adults, with limited data available.
  • Clinical presentation in adults may differ from pediatric cases.
  • Outcomes and treatment efficacy in adults require further investigation.

Conclusions:

  • Mitral arcade is a rare condition with significant implications for adult cardiac health.
  • Further research is needed to understand the long-term prognosis and optimal management of MA in adults.
  • Increased awareness and reporting of adult MA cases are crucial for improving patient care.