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Related Concept Videos

Mutations01:35

Mutations

Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
Chromosomal Alterations Are Large-Scale Mutations
While point mutations are changes in a single nucleotide in...
Mutations01:39

Mutations

Overview
Role of Skin in Vitamin D Synthesis01:23

Role of Skin in Vitamin D Synthesis

The skin plays a crucial role in the synthesis of vitamin D, a vital nutrient for various physiological processes in the body. Vitamin D is unique because it can be synthesized in the skin through a series of chemical reactions triggered by exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation from sunlight.
The solar UV B rays (290-315 nm) are absorbed by the skin, and 7-dehydrocholesterol (provitamin D3) photolyzes it to previtamin D3, which undergoes a rapid transformation to vitamin D3(cholecalciferol).
Pigmentation01:19

Pigmentation

The color of the skin is influenced by a number of pigments, including melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. Recall that melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes, which are found scattered throughout the stratum basale of the epidermis. The melanin is transferred to the keratinocytes via melanosomes.
Melanin occurs in two primary forms: eumelanin that provides black and brown pigment and pheomelanin that provides red color. Dark-skinned individuals produce more melanin than those with pale...
Skin Cancer01:30

Skin Cancer

Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC): BCC is the most common type of skin cancer, accounting for about 80% of cases. It typically develops in...
Nucleotide Excision Repair01:38

Nucleotide Excision Repair

DNA Distortion and Damage
Cells are regularly exposed to mutagens—factors in the environment that can damage DNA and generate mutations. UV radiation is one of the most common mutagens and is estimated to introduce a significant number of changes in DNA. These include bends or kinks in the structure, which can block DNA replication or transcription. If these errors are not fixed, the damage can cause mutations, which in turn can result in cancer or disease depending on which sequences are...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2026

Studying Chronic Exposure of Mice to Ultraviolet B Radiation
03:20

Studying Chronic Exposure of Mice to Ultraviolet B Radiation

Published on: August 19, 2025

Beyond UV radiation: a skin under challenge.

E Dupont1, J Gomez, D Bilodeau

  • 1Immanence IDC Inc, 3229 Ch. Quatre-Bourgeois, Bureau 600, Québec, Québec G1W 0C1, Canada.

International Journal of Cosmetic Science
|February 15, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Human skin protection has evolved from ancient mineral sunscreens to modern UVA/UVB filters. New research reveals visible light and infrared radiation also cause skin damage, questioning if current sunscreens are sufficient.

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Pharmacologic Induction of Epidermal Melanin and Protection Against Sunburn in a Humanized Mouse Model
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Pharmacologic Induction of Epidermal Melanin and Protection Against Sunburn in a Humanized Mouse Model

Published on: September 7, 2013

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Last Updated: May 14, 2026

Studying Chronic Exposure of Mice to Ultraviolet B Radiation
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Pharmacologic Induction of Epidermal Melanin and Protection Against Sunburn in a Humanized Mouse Model
12:37

Pharmacologic Induction of Epidermal Melanin and Protection Against Sunburn in a Humanized Mouse Model

Published on: September 7, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Dermatology and photobiology, focusing on skin's response to solar radiation and environmental factors.

Background:

  • Humanity has long sought protection from the sun, evolving from early mineral sunscreens to advanced organic ultraviolet (UVA/UVB) filters.
  • Skin physiology knowledge has advanced alongside sun protection development, revealing complex interactions with solar radiation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the evolving understanding of solar radiation's effects on skin, including UVA, UVB, visible light, and infrared radiation (IR).
  • To explore new molecular mechanisms linking environmental factors and solar radiation to extrinsic skin aging.
  • To question the adequacy of current UVA/UVB sunscreen protection in light of new scientific findings.

Main Methods:

  • Review of historical and current sun protection strategies.
  • Analysis of the effects of different solar spectrum wavelengths (UVB, UVA, visible light, IR) on skin physiology.
  • Investigation of molecular mechanisms, including mitochondrial integrity, heat receptors, tryptophan as a chromophore, and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activation.

Main Results:

  • UVB radiation is linked to sunburn and DNA damage, while UVA causes oxidative stress and immunosuppression.
  • Visible light and infrared radiation (IR) are increasingly associated with oxidative damage and heat-related effects.
  • New mechanisms reveal IR impacts mitochondrial integrity, and AhR activation by light/xenobiotics alters skin physiology.

Conclusions:

  • The understanding of extrinsic skin aging is shifting due to new insights into solar and environmental factors.
  • Current UVA/UVB sunscreen protection may be insufficient to address the full spectrum of damaging radiation and environmental influences.
  • Further research is needed to develop comprehensive skin protection strategies against a wider range of environmental stressors.