Intraoperative C-arm fluoroscopy-based 3D navigation for intraventricular endoscopic intervention

The authors present the technique of retained ventricular catheter removal by means of fluoroscopy-guided neuronavigation. A disconnected free-floating intraventricular catheter is an unusual shunt complication, and in case of shunt infection it should be removed immediately. The operative procedure described here is the first such imaging technique and original approach to retained ventricular catheter endoscopic surgery. The real-time fluoroscopy-guided neuroendoscopy seems to make 3D intraoperative navigation possible.