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Related Concept Videos

Disorders of the Urinary System01:20

Disorders of the Urinary System

The urinary system is responsible for eliminating waste and excess fluids from the body. However, disorders of the urinary system can arise due to various reasons like infections, stress, age, congenital abnormalities, and lifestyle.
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common urinary system disorders. They are caused by bacteria that enter the urethra and can spread to the bladder resulting in cystitis. Pyelonephritis is the result of a UTI that has ascended to the level of the...
Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology01:25

Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of urinary tract infections (UTIs) encompasses several progressive stages, beginning with bacterial colonization and culminating in potential systemic complications if untreated. UTIs are primarily initiated by bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, which often originate from the gastrointestinal tract and migrate to the urinary system through the periurethral area. This migration can occur via several routes, including improper hygiene practices, sexual activity, or...
Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract01:28

Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract

The human urogenital system, once thought to be sterile in healthy individuals, is now recognized as a complex microbial habitat. Advancements in molecular sequencing techniques have revealed that even in healthy adults, the kidneys and bladder harbor microbial populations similar to those found in the distal urethra, albeit in much lower abundance. These resident microorganisms, while generally innocuous, can become opportunistic pathogens under conditions that alter the urogenital...
Urinary Tract Infection I: Introduction01:26

Urinary Tract Infection I: Introduction

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) impact various parts of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. These infections are generally bacterial, with Escherichia coli being the most common causative agent, often originating from the gastrointestinal tract. However, other bacteria, such as Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis, are also known to cause UTIs. The type, location, and underlying complexity of the UTI guide both...
Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra01:19

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
Physiology of Urine Formation01:24

Physiology of Urine Formation

Urine formation is an essential function of the human body. It plays a critical role in maintaining homeostasis by regulating the volume and composition of body fluids. The kidneys, the primary organs involved in this process, filter blood to remove waste products and excess substances, ultimately producing urine.
Glomerular Filtration
The first stage in urine formation is glomerular filtration. Each kidney contains approximately 1 million nephrons, the functional units of filtration, with a...

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Assessing Urinary Tract Junction Obstruction Defects by Methylene Blue Dye Injection
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Published on: October 12, 2017

Lower urinary tract development and disease.

Hila Milo Rasouly1, Weining Lu

  • 1Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Systems Biology and Medicine
|February 15, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Congenital anomalies of the lower urinary tract (CALUT) are common birth defects affecting the ureter, bladder, and urethra. This review details their genetic basis and molecular development, aiding personalized medicine for affected children.

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Last Updated: May 14, 2026

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10:23

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Published on: December 1, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Genetics
  • Pediatric urology

Background:

  • Congenital anomalies of the lower urinary tract (CALUT) encompass a range of birth defects affecting the ureter, bladder, and urethra.
  • These anomalies are frequently linked to complications such as hydronephrosis, vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), urinary tract infections (UTI), and potentially chronic kidney disease or renal failure in children.
  • Examples of CALUT include ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) and ureterovesical junction (UVJ) abnormalities, bladder-exstrophy-epispadias complex (BEEC), prune belly syndrome (PBS), and posterior urethral valves (PUVs).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of lower urinary tract development.
  • To explore the genetic and molecular basis of CALUT in human and mouse models.
  • To provide insights for interpreting genetic test results and guiding personalized therapies for CALUT patients.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on lower urinary tract development.
  • Analysis of genetic and molecular data from human and mouse studies of CALUT.
  • Compilation of information on genes, signaling pathways, and mutations involved in CALUT.

Main Results:

  • Overview of developmental processes for ureter, bladder, and urethra formation.
  • Identification of key genes and signaling pathways regulating lower urinary tract development.
  • Presentation of human genetic disorders and associated gene mutations causing CALUT.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the genetic underpinnings of CALUT is crucial for advancing personalized medicine.
  • This knowledge can improve the interpretation of genetic testing and inform tailored treatment strategies.
  • Effective genetic counseling for families affected by lower urinary tract birth defects can be facilitated.