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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2026

Eye Tracking, Cortisol, and a Sleep vs. Wake Consolidation Delay: Combining Methods to Uncover an Interactive Effect of Sleep and Cortisol on Memory

Eye Tracking, Cortisol, and a Sleep vs. Wake Consolidation Delay: Combining Methods to Uncover an Interactive Effect of Sleep and Cortisol on Memory

Published on: June 18, 2014

Consolidation differentially modulates schema effects on memory for items and associations.

Marlieke T R van Kesteren¹, Mark Rijpkema, Dirk J Ruiter

¹Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. marlieke.vankesteren@donders.ru.nl

|February 15, 2013

Summary

The schema effect enhances memory for congruent information, but its timing differs. Item recognition benefits after memory consolidation, while associative memory shows an immediate schema effect that decreases over time.

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Last Updated: May 14, 2026

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Published on: June 14, 2019

Area of Science:

Cognitive Psychology
Neuroscience

Background:

Preexisting schemas influence memory, typically enhancing recall for congruent information.
The schema effect's mechanisms, particularly encoding and consolidation, are debated, with inconsistent findings across memory types and time.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate how memory type and consolidation influence the schema effect on memory retrieval.
To examine schema effects on item recognition and associative memory at different time intervals post-encoding.

Main Methods:

Participants learned visuo-tactile associations, with memory tested at 0, 20, and 48 hours post-encoding.
Evaluated memory retrieval accuracy for schema-congruent versus schema-incongruent items and associations.

Main Results:

The schema effect for visual item recognition emerged only after memory consolidation (post-20 hours).
The schema effect for associative memory was present immediately after encoding and diminished over time.
Consolidation processes differentially impact schema effects depending on the memory type.

Conclusions:

Memory type and consolidation significantly modulate the schema effect.
Findings highlight the importance of considering temporal dynamics and memory specificity in schema research.
Provides insights for designing future experiments on schema-modulated memory retrieval.