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Vision

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.

Altered States of Awareness

Altered States of Awareness

Altered states of consciousness represent significant deviations from one's normal mental state. These deviations can range from subtle changes in awareness to profound transformations in perception, thought processes, and sensory experiences. Altered states of consciousness can be triggered by various factors, including drug use, meditation, hypnosis, illness, or even intense fatigue.
The ingestion of substances like stimulants or hallucinogens leads to chemical alterations in the brain that...

The Retina

The Retina

The retina is a layer of nervous tissue at the back of the eye that transduces light into neural signals. This process, called phototransduction, is carried out by rod and cone photoreceptor cells in the back of the retina.

Color Vision

Color Vision

Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.

Visual System

Visual System

Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...

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Transformers

A device that transforms voltages from one value to another using induction is called a transformer. A transformer consists of two separate coils, or windings, wrapped around the same soft iron core. However, they are electrically insulated from each other.
The iron core has a substantial relative permeability. Therefore, the magnetic field lines generated due to the current in one winding are almost entirely confined within the core, such that the same magnetic flux permeates each turn of both...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2026

Haptic/Graphic Rehabilitation: Integrating a Robot into a Virtual Environment Library and Applying it to Stroke Therapy

Haptic/Graphic Rehabilitation: Integrating a Robot into a Virtual Environment Library and Applying it to Stroke Therapy

Published on: August 8, 2011

Vision, reanimated and reimagined.

Shimon Edelman¹

¹Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA. edelman@cornell.edu

|February 16, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

David Marr's foundational work "Vision" revolutionized visual science and cognitive science. His theories on brain computation continue to shape our understanding of cognition 30 years later.

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Cognitive Science
Computer Vision

Background:

David Marr's 1982 book "Vision" significantly impacted the field of visual science.
The book introduced novel frameworks for understanding visual processing and perception.

Purpose of the Study:

To highlight the enduring influence of David Marr's "Vision" on contemporary cognitive science.
To underscore the book's role in reshaping theories of brain computation and cognition.

Main Methods:

Analysis of the conceptual and methodological contributions of Marr's "Vision".
Examination of the impact of Marr's work on the trajectory of cognitive science research over three decades.

Main Results:

Marr's work provided a crucial course correction and impetus for visual science.
New computational approaches to understanding brain function and cognition stem from Marr's theories.

Conclusions:

David Marr's "Vision" remains a seminal work, fundamentally influencing how we study the brain and cognition.
The book's legacy lies in its sound methodology and unique perspective on computational theories of the mind.