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Related Concept Videos

Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...
Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health01:25

Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health

The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is involved in the process of bone remodeling. Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of Vitamin A, has nuclear receptors in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are involved in bone remodeling.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 acts as a cofactor during the formation of osteoblast-related proteins, such as osteocalcin. Vitamin B12 plays a role...
Essential Minerals for Bone Health01:31

Essential Minerals for Bone Health

The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium is a critical component of bones, especially in the form of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Since the body cannot make calcium, it must be obtained from the diet. However, calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine without...
What is the Skeletal System?01:02

What is the Skeletal System?

Overview

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Related Experiment Videos

[Osteoporosis].

B Uebelhart1, R Rizzoli

  • 1Service des maladies osseuses, Département des spécialités de médecine, HUG et Faculté de medecine, 1211 Geneve 14. brigitte.uebelhart@hcuge.ch

Revue Medicale Suisse
|February 16, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Type 2 diabetes increases fracture risk. While calcium supplements face cardiovascular concerns, vitamin D supplementation is recommended in Switzerland, and treatments like zoledronate and denosumab show promise in managing bone health and reducing fractures.

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

  • Bone metabolism and fracture risk.
  • Endocrinology and metabolic disorders.
  • Pharmacological interventions for bone health.

Context:

  • Type 2 diabetes mellitus is linked to a higher incidence of fractures.
  • Ongoing debate surrounds the cardiovascular safety of calcium supplements.
  • Established Swiss guidelines exist for vitamin D supplementation.
  • Long-term effects of bone resorption inhibitors are a key area of research.

Purpose:

  • To review current understanding and evidence regarding bone health in the context of type 2 diabetes.
  • To address the controversy surrounding calcium supplements and cardiovascular health.
  • To highlight relevant vitamin D supplementation guidelines.
  • To evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of bone resorption inhibitors like zoledronate and denosumab.

Summary:

  • Type 2 diabetes is a significant risk factor for fractures.
  • The cardiovascular implications of calcium supplementation remain under investigation.
  • Vitamin D supplementation is advised according to Swiss recommendations.
  • Zoledronate demonstrates sustained inhibition of bone resorption.
  • Denosumab treatment for 5 years is associated with low fracture incidence.
  • Atypical femoral fractures linked to bisphosphonate therapy were assessed at the University Hospital of Geneva.

Impact:

  • Informing clinical practice regarding fracture prevention in type 2 diabetes.
  • Guiding decisions on calcium and vitamin D supplementation.
  • Providing insights into the long-term management of bone health with antiresorptive agents.
  • Contributing to the understanding of rare but serious side effects like atypical femoral fractures.