Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 14, 2026

Real-Time Proxy-Control of Re-Parameterized Peripheral Signals using a Close-Loop Interface
Published on: May 8, 2021
Combination of equiprobable symbolization and time reversal asymmetry for heartbeat interval series analysis
Fengzhen Hou1, Xiaolin Huang, Ying Chen
1Institute of Biomedical Electronic Engineering, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
Abstract:
Symbolic dynamics method and time reversal asymmetry analysis are both important approaches in the study of heartbeat interval series. However, there is limited research work reported on combining these two methods. We provide a method of time reversal asymmetry analysis which focuses on the differences between the forward and backward embedding "m words" after the operation of equiprobable symbolization. To investigate the total amplitude as well as the distribution features of the difference, four indices are proposed. Based on the application to simulation series, we found that these measures can successfully detect time reversal asymmetry in chaos series. With application to human heartbeat interval series (RR series), it is suggested that the distribution features of the forward-backward difference can sensitively capture the dynamical changes caused by diseases or aging. In particular, the index E(D), which reflects the random degree of the forward-backward difference distribution, can significantly discriminate healthy subjects from diseased ones. We conclude that RR series from healthy subjects show more asymmetry in temporal structure on the original time scale from the perspective of equiprobable symbolization, whereas diseases account for loss of this asymmetry.
Related Concept Videos
Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle
A cardiac action potential originates in the SA node and spreads throughout the atria and the AV node in approximately 0.03 seconds. This results in the P wave in an ECG and triggers atrial contraction. The action potential is then briefly slowed at the AV node, allowing the atria to contract and fill the ventricles with blood before...
Basic Operations on Signals
Time Reversal mirrors a continuous-time signal about the vertical axis at t=0. This is achieved by substituting t with −t. For example, if a signal x(t) is considered, the time-reversed signal is x(−t). This operation can be graphically represented, showing the mirrored signal.
Even and Odd Signals
Properties of Fourier series II
A function f(t) is...
Reconstruction of Signal using Interpolation
Sampling Continuous Time Signal
In the...

