Pneumothorax-II
Pleural Effusion I: Introduction
Endoscopic Studies I: Bronchoscopy and Thoracoscopy
Pleural Effusion II: Symptoms and Management
Pleura of the Lungs
Pulmonary Embolism II: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care
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Updated: May 14, 2026

Local Anesthetic Thoracoscopy for Undiagnosed Pleural Effusion
Published on: November 10, 2023
1Division of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin Medical School, National University Hospital, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block Level 10, Singapore 119228. mdclp@nus.edu.sg
Pleuroscopy offers direct visualization of the pleural space for biopsies and interventions. This less invasive procedure is gaining popularity, especially when combined with video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS).
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