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Related Concept Videos

Healthcare Associated Infections I: Iatrogenic, Exogenic and Endogenic01:26

Healthcare Associated Infections I: Iatrogenic, Exogenic and Endogenic

Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) occur in a healthcare facility while a person receives care for another ailment. This category also includes work-related infections among healthcare staff.
HAIs significantly increase the cost of health care. Extended stays in healthcare institutions, increased disability, increased costs of medications, including specialized antibiotics, and prolonged recovery times add to the patient's expenses and the healthcare institution and funding bodies. Common...
Bacterial Gastroenteritis01:18

Bacterial Gastroenteritis

Bacterial gastroenteritis, characterized by diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and vomiting, is often caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water and is frequently associated with pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. These microbes exploit two principal mechanisms to inflict disease.Shiga toxin–producing E. coli, also referred to as STEC—notably O157:H7—release Shiga toxins that target ribosomes, blocking protein synthesis. The B subunit of the toxin binds the host glycolipid receptor...
Reservoir of Infection01:30

Reservoir of Infection

Infectious diseases arise from intricate interactions between pathogens and their reservoirs. A reservoir of infection refers to the natural habitat where a pathogen lives, grows, and multiplies, serving as a continual source of infection. Reservoirs are broadly classified as either living or nonliving, and each plays a unique role in disease transmission, significantly influencing public health interventions and control strategies.Humans act as reservoirs for a wide array of pathogens,...
Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures01:22

Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures

Essential infection prevention measures are based on the knowledge of the infection chain, the modes of transmission in healthcare settings, and the use of the best practices in all healthcare settings. Compulsory public reporting of healthcare-associated infection rates is needed to allow individuals and the community to make informed choices regarding selecting a healthcare facility.
The best practices for preventing healthcare-associated infections include hand hygiene, patient risk...
Bacterial Toxins01:12

Bacterial Toxins

Bacterial toxins are sophisticated virulence factors that enable pathogenic bacteria to interact with, invade, and damage host tissues. These toxins fall broadly into two types: protein exotoxins, which are secreted into the environment and target specific host receptors, and lipopolysaccharide endotoxins, which are structural components of the bacterial outer membrane released primarily during bacterial lysis or membrane shedding. Exotoxins generally act more selectively, binding to cell...
Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin create...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2026

Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291
06:51

Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291

Published on: December 10, 2016

[Infections caused by Clostridium difficile].

Dolors Rodríguez-Pardo1, Beatriz Mirelis, Ferran Navarro

  • 1Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. dolorodriguez@vhebron.net

Enfermedades Infecciosas Y Microbiologia Clinica
|February 16, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Clostridium difficile infections (CDIs) are increasing in frequency and severity, driven by hypervirulent strains. Updated guidelines address diagnosis, treatment, and infection control for this growing public health concern.

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A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment
12:58

A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment

Published on: May 25, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 14, 2026

Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291
06:51

Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291

Published on: December 10, 2016

A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment
12:58

A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment

Published on: May 25, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Epidemiology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Clostridium difficile infections (CDIs) have seen a significant rise in incidence, severity, and relapse rates globally over the past decade.
  • The emergence of hypervirulent strains, such as BI/NAP1/027 and PCR ribotype 078, is a key factor contributing to these changes.
  • Standard therapies are becoming less effective, necessitating a re-evaluation of management strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current epidemiological data on Clostridium difficile infections.
  • To provide an overview of the infection's pathogenicity, diagnostic methods, and treatment options.
  • To summarize current knowledge on infection control measures for CDIs.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent epidemiological studies on CDIs.
  • Analysis of data on hypervirulent Clostridium difficile strains.
  • Synthesis of information on diagnostic guidelines and treatment modalities.
  • Review of infection control strategies.

Main Results:

  • CDIs are more frequent, severe, and relapse-prone, with hypervirulent strains like BI/NAP1/027 being significant drivers.
  • Updated diagnostic and treatment guidelines aim to curb the incidence of these infections.
  • A comprehensive understanding of pathogenicity, diagnostics, and therapeutics is crucial for effective management.

Conclusions:

  • The epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infections has shifted, requiring updated approaches to diagnosis and treatment.
  • Controlling the spread of hypervirulent strains and implementing effective infection control measures are critical.
  • Further research into novel therapeutic strategies and enhanced prevention protocols is warranted.