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Tidal Forces01:06

Tidal Forces

The origin of Earth's ocean tides has been a subject of continuous investigation for over 2000 years. However, the work of Newton is considered to be the beginning of the proper understanding of the phenomenon. Ocean tides are the result of gravitational tidal forces. These same tidal forces are present in any astronomical body; they are responsible for the internal heat that creates the volcanic activity on Io, one of Jupiter's moons, and the breakup of stars that get too close to black holes.
Hazard Rate01:11

Hazard Rate

The hazard rate, also known as the hazard function or failure rate, is a statistical measure used to describe the instantaneous rate at which an event occurs, given that the event has not yet happened. From a probabilistic perspective, it represents the likelihood that a subject will experience the event in a very small time interval, conditional on surviving up to the beginning of that interval. In terms of frequency, the hazard rate can be viewed as the ratio of the number of events to the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2026

Developing a Virtual Reality Video Game to Simulate Rip Currents
08:37

Developing a Virtual Reality Video Game to Simulate Rip Currents

Published on: July 16, 2020

Windsurfing hazard caused by needlefish.

J L Rouvillain1, A Donica, C Gane

  • 1Orthopaedic and Traumatologic Department, La Meynard University Hospital, BP 632, 97261, Fort de France Martinique, France, Jean-Louis.Rouvillain@chu-fortdefrance.fr.

European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology : Orthopedie Traumatologie
|February 16, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Marine activities can lead to injuries from hazardous marine animals. This case highlights a rare penetrating foot wound from a Caribbean needlefish during windsurfing.

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Last Updated: May 14, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Marine Biology
  • Traumatology
  • Sports Medicine

Background:

  • Marine activities, while enjoyable, pose risks from hazardous marine fauna.
  • Recent years show an increase in reported trauma cases linked to marine animal encounters worldwide.
  • Common injuries involve sting or contact with marine life during water sports like swimming and diving.

Observation:

  • This report details a specific case of a penetrating wound to the left foot.
  • The injury was sustained during a windsurfing session in Martinique.
  • The causative agent was identified as a Caribbean needlefish.

Findings:

  • Needlefish injuries are less common than those from rays or stonefish.
  • The case involved a penetrating wound, indicating a direct impact injury.
  • The specific mechanism of injury during windsurfing was documented.

Implications:

  • Highlights the potential for uncommon marine animal-related injuries in recreational water sports.
  • Emphasizes the need for awareness of diverse marine hazards beyond commonly reported species.
  • Suggests considering needlefish as a potential cause of penetrating foot trauma in tropical marine environments.