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Related Concept Videos

Transducer Mechanism: Nuclear Receptors01:31

Transducer Mechanism: Nuclear Receptors

Nuclear receptors, or NRs, are unique transcription factors that regulate gene transcription and affect the cellular pathways involved in reproduction, development, or metabolism. Their ability to be stimulated by small lipophilic ligands and control vital cellular processes makes them ideal drug targets. Nearly 10-15% of currently prescribed drugs target these receptors.
About 48 different soluble family members of nuclear receptors are identified that can be divided into two main classes:
Mitogens and the Cell Cycle02:38

Mitogens and the Cell Cycle

Mitogens and their receptors play a crucial role in controlling the progression of the cell cycle. However, the loss of mitogenic control over cell division leads to tumor formation. Therefore, mitogens and mitogen receptors play an important role in cancer research. For instance, the epidermal growth factor (EGF) - a type of mitogen and its transmembrane receptor (EGFR), decides the fate of the cell's proliferation. When EGF binds to EGFR, a member of the ErbB family of tyrosine kinase...
Receptor Downregulation in MVBs01:15

Receptor Downregulation in MVBs

Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are mature endosomes that sort ubiquitinated proteins and then fuse with lysosomes to degrade the sorted proteins. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGFR) form a complex that can be internalized through endocytosis, sorted into an MVB, and later degraded.
The EGFR can initiate signaling pathways that  lead to cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Overexpression of EGFR  stimulates cells to proliferate. Excessive  EGFR activation may...
Abnormal Proliferation02:23

Abnormal Proliferation

Under normal conditions, most adult cells remain in a non-proliferative state unless stimulated by internal or external factors to replace lost cells. Abnormal cell proliferation is a condition in which the cell's growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal cells. In such situations, cell division persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli, leading to persistent tumors. The tumor arises from the damaged cells that replicate to pass the damage to the daughter...
Gonadal and Placental Hormones01:24

Gonadal and Placental Hormones

The gonads, namely the testes in males and the ovaries in females, are pivotal in producing gonadal hormones that orchestrate the intricate processes of sexual development and reproduction.
In males, testosterone is the primary gonadal androgen. It plays a central role in the maturation of male reproductive organs — the penis and testes. Additionally, testosterone is instrumental in the development of secondary sexual characteristics — a deep voice as well as facial and pubic hair growth — and...
Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity01:25

Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity

Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity refer to the ability of drugs to cause genetic defects and induce cancer, respectively. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies agents into four groups based on their carcinogenic potential. Group 1 agents are known human carcinogens; group 2A agents are probably carcinogenic to humans; group 3 agents lack data to support their role in carcinogenesis; and group 4 includes agents for which data support that they are not likely to be...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2026

Reverse Yeast Two-hybrid System to Identify Mammalian Nuclear Receptor Residues that Interact with Ligands and/or Antagonists
10:51

Reverse Yeast Two-hybrid System to Identify Mammalian Nuclear Receptor Residues that Interact with Ligands and/or Antagonists

Published on: November 15, 2013

Pregnane X receptor and human malignancy.

Ioannis Koutsounas1, Efstratios Patsouris, Stamatios Theocharis

  • 1First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.

Histology and Histopathology
|February 16, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Pregnane X Receptor (PXR) regulates drug metabolism and has roles in various diseases. Modulating PXR may enhance chemotherapy effectiveness and improve cancer patient outcomes.

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Pregnane X Receptor (PXR) is a nuclear receptor involved in regulating endobiotics and xenobiotics.
  • PXR heterodimerizes with Retinoid X Receptor (RXR) to bind DNA response elements.
  • It influences drug metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) and transporters like MDR1, impacting drug metabolism and interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the multifaceted roles of PXR in physiological homeostasis and disease.
  • To explore PXR's impact on cancer development, proliferation, apoptosis, and chemotherapy resistance.
  • To discuss the potential of PXR modulation as a therapeutic strategy in oncology.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of PXR's functions and implications in various biological processes.

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An Ex vivo Model to Study Hormone Action in the Human Breast
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An Ex vivo Model to Study Hormone Action in the Human Breast

Published on: January 8, 2015

  • Analysis of PXR's involvement in endobiotic and xenobiotic metabolism.
  • Examination of PXR's role in different cancer types and its association with treatment outcomes.

    • Main Results:

    • PXR is crucial for homeostasis of glucose, lipids, steroids, and bile acids.
    • PXR activation influences drug metabolism and can lead to drug-drug interactions.
    • PXR plays a significant role in cancer, affecting cell behavior and chemotherapy resistance.

    Conclusions:

    • PXR has emerging roles in inflammatory bowel disease, bone homeostasis, liver steatosis, antifibrogenesis, and oxidative stress.
    • PXR's involvement in cancer is complex, impacting proliferation, apoptosis, and chemoresistance across various cancer types.
    • Targeting PXR, potentially through down-regulation, offers a novel therapeutic avenue to enhance chemotherapy effectiveness and improve cancer prognosis.