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Related Concept Videos

The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by producing...
Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin

Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
The exact mechanisms by which calcitonin operates in calcium homeostasis remain elusive, but its significance is evident in several vital...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...

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Updated: May 14, 2026

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy
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Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy

Published on: July 14, 2023

Paraneoplastic hypercalcemia.

Philip J Bergman1

  • 1Katonah-Bedford Veterinary Center, Bedford Hills, NY. Philip.Bergman@vcahospitals.com

Topics in Companion Animal Medicine
|February 19, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Paraneoplastic syndromes (PNSs) are tumor-associated conditions. Hypercalcemia of malignancy (HM) is a serious PNS, often indicating underlying cancer in dogs and cats, requiring prompt diagnosis and treatment.

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Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy
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Two Techniques to Create Hypoparathyroid Mice: Parathyroidectomy Using GFP Glands and Diphtheria-Toxin-Mediated Parathyroid Ablation
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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Medicine
  • Oncology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Paraneoplastic syndromes (PNSs) are diverse alterations distant to a tumor, linked to noninvasive tumor actions.
  • PNSs often parallel malignancy; successful tumor treatment resolves the PNS, while PNS recurrence signals tumor recurrence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the association between paraneoplastic hypercalcemia (hypercalcemia of malignancy - HM) and underlying neoplasia in veterinary patients.
  • To highlight HM as a potential medical emergency requiring prompt etiological diagnosis and specific therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature on paraneoplastic syndromes and hypercalcemia in dogs and cats.
  • Compilation of tumor types associated with hypercalcemia of malignancy.

Main Results:

  • Cancer is the most common cause of hypercalcemia in dogs (two-thirds of cases) and a significant cause in cats (one-third of cases).
  • Lymphoma, particularly cranial mediastinal lymphoma in dogs, is the most frequent cause of HM.
  • Other associated tumors include anal sac adenocarcinoma, thyroid carcinoma, multiple myeloma, and more.

Conclusions:

  • Hypercalcemia of malignancy is a critical indicator of underlying cancer in dogs and cats.
  • Prompt identification of the causative tumor is essential for effective treatment and management of HM.