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Velarium control and visual steering in box jellyfish.

Ronald Petie1, Anders Garm, Dan-Eric Nilsson

  • 1Department of Biology, Lund University, Biology Building B, Sölvegatan 35, 223 62, Lund, Sweden. ronald.petie@biol.lu.se

Journal of Comparative Physiology. A, Neuroethology, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology
|February 19, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Box jellyfish (Tripedalia cystophora) control directional swimming using their velarium shape. Visual stimuli dictate velarium shape, guiding movement, but removing sensory organs impairs directional responses.

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Area of Science:

  • Marine Biology
  • Animal Behavior
  • Jellyfish Locomotion

Background:

  • Directional swimming in box jellyfish (Tripedalia cystophora) is crucial for survival.
  • The velarium, a muscular sheet at the bell opening, controls swimming direction.
  • Previous research lacked clarity on how visual stimuli influence velarium shape and thus, directional swimming.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how different visual stimulation patterns control directional swimming in Tripedalia cystophora.
  • To determine the relationship between velarium shape and visual cues.
  • To understand the role of sensory organs (rhopalia and pedalium) in mediating these responses.

Main Methods:

  • Box jellyfish were tethered in an experimental tank with four light panels.
  • The shape of the velarium opening was recorded as different light panel combinations were switched on/off.
  • Experiments involved intact jellyfish and those with surgically removed rhopalia.

Main Results:

  • The velarium opening adopted three distinct shapes: centered, or off-centered towards a rhopalium or pedalium.
  • Velarium shape aligned with directional visual stimuli.
  • Non-directional stimuli increased centered velarium pulses and randomized off-centered shapes.
  • Rhopalium removal initially increased centered pulses but did not abolish directional response.
  • Removal of three rhopalia significantly increased centered pulses and impaired directional response.

Conclusions:

  • Velarium shape is a key mechanism for directional swimming in box jellyfish, directly influenced by visual input.
  • Rhopalia play a role in modulating velarium shape and maintaining directional responses, but are not solely responsible.
  • Box jellyfish possess a sophisticated system for integrating visual information to control locomotion.