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Prospective and retrospective effects in a virtual pointing task.

Christoph Schütz1, Thomas Schack

  • 1Faculty of Psychology and Sports Science, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany. christoph.schuetz@uni-bielefeld.de

Acta Psychologica
|February 20, 2013
PubMed
Summary

This study found that pointing movements, unlike reaching, do not show retrospective effects of posture. Prospective effects of posture were observed, but prospective position effects only appeared without haptic feedback in virtual environments.

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Area of Science:

  • Motor control
  • Human-computer interaction
  • Cognitive neuroscience

Background:

  • Prospective and retrospective effects of posture selection in sequential tasks were previously described for reaching movements.
  • These effects have been consistently reproduced in numerous reaching studies over the past two decades.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if retrospective effects of posture selection are present in sequential pointing tasks.
  • To determine if prospective and retrospective effects of posture selection transfer to end-effector position without haptic feedback.

Main Methods:

  • A sequential, perceptual-motor pointing task was designed in a virtual environment.
  • Participants pointed to targets in the frontal plane, with a control experiment using physical targets.

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  • Kinematic parameters were analyzed in both virtual and real environments.

    • Main Results:

    • Kinematic parameters were comparable between virtual and physical environments.
    • Retrospective effects of posture/position were absent in both environments, suggesting lower cognitive planning costs for pointing.
    • Prospective effects of posture were found in both environments.
    • Prospective effects of position were observed only in the virtual (no haptic feedback) environment.

    Conclusions:

    • Pointing movements exhibit different planning costs compared to reaching movements.
    • Prospective effects of posture are robust across virtual and real environments.
    • The absence of haptic feedback in virtual environments may lead to unconscious adjustments in end-effector position.