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The negative repetition effect.

Neil W Mulligan1, Daniel J Peterson

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina.

Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition
|February 21, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Repetition usually improves memory, but a negative repetition effect shows studying items twice can decrease recall. This study explores why this memory phenomenon occurs.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Human Memory Research

Background:

  • Repetition is a fundamental principle that enhances human memory.
  • A negative repetition effect (NRE) has been observed, where repeated study of cue-target pairs leads to poorer recall than single study.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the phenomenon of the negative repetition effect.
  • To test theoretical accounts explaining the NRE, including retrieval, levels-of-processing, and item-specific-relational accounts.

Main Methods:

  • Five experiments were conducted using rhyming cue-target pairs.
  • Encoding conditions included reading and generative encoding.
  • Memory was tested using free and cued recall after varying delays.

Main Results:

  • The negative repetition effect was demonstrated across different encoding methods and memory tests.
  • The effect persisted over short (5 min) and longer (2 days) delays.
  • Results were inconsistent with retrieval and levels-of-processing theories.

Conclusions:

  • The negative repetition effect is a robust phenomenon in human memory.
  • Findings support the item-specific-relational account as an explanation for the NRE.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms behind this counterintuitive memory effect.