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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2026

Targeted Muscle Reinnervation: Surgical Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial in Postamputation Pain
03:26

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Published on: March 8, 2024

Pharmacological interventions for phantom limb pain.

Jun Fang1, Yan-hong Lian, Kang-jie Xie

  • 1Department of Anaesthesiology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China. weholmes@hotmail.com

Chinese Medical Journal
|February 21, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Pharmacological interventions for phantom limb pain are reviewed, examining various drug classes. Tricyclic antidepressants, gabapentin, tramadol, opioids, local anesthetics, and NMDA receptor antagonists are recommended treatments.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pharmacology
  • Pain Management

Background:

  • Phantom limb pain (PLP) is a challenging condition following amputation.
  • Effective pharmacological management strategies for PLP are continuously being investigated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms and current clinical applications of pharmacological interventions for phantom limb pain.
  • To assess the efficacy and safety of various drug classes used in PLP treatment.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature search was conducted using MEDLINE, Pubmed, and the Index of Chinese Language Literature (1982-2011).
  • Data were extracted from 96 selected published articles on the pharmacological management of PLP.

Main Results:

  • The review examined anticonvulsants, antidepressants, local anesthetics, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists, NSAIDs, tramadol, opioids, calcitonin, capsaicin, beta-adrenergic blockers, clonidine, and muscle relaxants.
  • Efficacy, safety, limitations, and future directions of these pharmacological interventions were analyzed.

Conclusions:

  • Despite a lack of evidence-based consensus guidelines, several drug classes show promise for PLP.
  • Tricyclic antidepressants, gabapentin, tramadol, opioids, local anesthetics, and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists are recommended as rational treatment options.