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Pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a thrombus, fat or air embolus, amniotic fluid, or tumor tissue blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. These blockages originate in the venous system or the right side of the heart.EtiologyPE primarily arises from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and other hypercoagulable states, such as inherited thrombophilias. Additional etiological factors include venous stasis, commonly seen in obesity, and endothelial injury from surgery and trauma. Less common causes include...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2026

Bedside Ultrasound for Guiding Fluid Removal in Patients with Pulmonary Edema: The Reverse-FALLS Protocol

Bedside Ultrasound for Guiding Fluid Removal in Patients with Pulmonary Edema: The Reverse-FALLS Protocol

Published on: July 28, 2018

[Amniotic fluid embolism: an update].

M Legrand¹, M Rossignol, F Muller

¹Département d'anesthésie-réanimation-Smur, EA-3509, université Paris 7, hôpital Lariboisière, AP-HP, 2, rue Ambroise-Paré, 75475 Paris, France. matthieu.m.legrand@gmail.com

Annales Francaises D'Anesthesie Et De Reanimation

|February 21, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) is a rare but serious condition. High plasma insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) levels can help diagnose AFE when other methods fail.

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Bedside Ultrasound for Guiding Fluid Removal in Patients with Pulmonary Edema: The Reverse-FALLS Protocol

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Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats

Published on: November 20, 2015

Area of Science:

Obstetrics and Gynecology
Perinatology
Critical Care Medicine

Background:

Amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) is a life-threatening obstetric emergency with high maternal and fetal mortality.
Diagnosis is challenging, often relying on clinical presentation due to difficulties in histological confirmation.
Traditional diagnostic markers like squamous cells lack specificity.

Observation:

Passage of fetal and amniotic fragments into maternal circulation triggers AFE.
High plasma levels of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) are identified as a specific biomarker for amniotic fluid in maternal circulation.
This biomarker aids in confirming AFE diagnosis when histological evidence is unavailable.

Findings:

Elevated IGFBP-1 levels serve as a reliable indicator of amniotic fluid entering the maternal circulation.
Histological confirmation of AFE is often difficult post-delivery.
Squamous cells in maternal circulation are not definitive for AFE diagnosis.

Implications:

IGFBP-1 offers a valuable tool for diagnosing AFE, improving patient management.
Supportive treatment focuses on coagulopathy and acute cor pulmonale.
Extracorporeal life support should be considered for refractory shock in AFE patients.
Caution is advised regarding the use of recombinant factor VIIa in AFE management.