Fungal infections of the oral mucosa

Area of Science:

• Medical Mycology
• Immunology
• Oral Medicine

Background:

• Human fungal infections are often linked to immune system deficiencies.
• There's a notable increase in oral fungal infections, including Candidal and non-Candidal types, globally.
• The rise is attributed to a growing population with immunodeficiency and compromised immunity.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review predisposing factors, clinical presentations, diagnosis, and management of oral candidiasis.
• To highlight emerging non-Candidal oral fungal infections and their global spread.
• To provide a comprehensive overview of oral mycoses in immunocompromised patients.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of fungal infections affecting the oral mucosa.
• Analysis of predisposing factors, both local and systemic.
• Discussion of clinical manifestations and diagnostic approaches.
• Overview of management strategies for oral fungal infections.

Main Results:

• Oral candidiasis is common in compromised hosts, influenced by local (e.g., poor hygiene) and systemic factors (e.g., diabetes, HIV).
• Non-Candidal oral infections, once geographically limited, are now global, often indicating systemic disease.
• These infections can manifest as primary oral lesions or secondary signs of disseminated mycoses.

Conclusions:

• Oral fungal infections, especially candidiasis, require careful management in immunocompromised individuals.
• The increasing prevalence of non-Candidal fungi necessitates awareness and updated diagnostic/treatment protocols.
• Understanding predisposing factors is crucial for preventing and treating oral mycoses.