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Related Concept Videos

The Evidence for Evolution02:55

The Evidence for Evolution

Genetic variations accumulating within populations over generations give rise to biological evolution. Evolutionary changes can result in the formation of novel varieties and entire new species. These changes are responsible for the diverse forms of life inhabiting the planet. The evidence for evolution suggests that all living organisms descended from common ancestors.
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Social proof is a form of persuasion based on comparison and conformity. People compare their behavior and actions to what others are doing and will change to conform to do what their peers do.
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The confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore information that is inconsistent with our expectations. For example, if you think that your professor is not very nice, you notice all of the instances of rude behavior exhibited by the professor while ignoring the countless pleasant interactions he is involved in on a daily basis. Have you ever fallen prey to the confirmation bias, either as the source or target of such bias?
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A complete procedure for testing a claim about a population proportion is provided here.
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Eyewitness memory refers to the recollection of events by someone who has directly witnessed them, often serving as critical evidence in legal settings. This type of memory is commonly used in criminal cases where a witness describes details like a suspect's appearance, clothing, or behavior during a crime. However, despite its perceived reliability, eyewitness memory is prone to significant errors.
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The Scientific Method02:40

The Scientific Method

Research is what makes the difference between facts and opinions. Facts are observable realities, and opinions are personal judgments, conclusions, or attitudes that may or may not be accurate. In the scientific community, facts can be established only using evidence collected through empirical research.

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Holistic Facial Composite Creation and Subsequent Video Line-up Eyewitness Identification Paradigm
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Show me the evidence!

Mark Hagland

    Biotechnology Healthcare
    |February 21, 2013
    PubMed
    Summary

    Evaluating biologic therapies presents challenges for payers due to funding limitations for comparative studies. Without objective evidence, conservative policies may restrict access to new biologic treatments.

    Area of Science:

    • Health economics
    • Pharmacoeconomics
    • Biopharmaceutical research

    Background:

    • Payers face significant challenges in evaluating the cost-effectiveness of biologic therapies.
    • Limited funding hinders the execution of crucial head-to-head comparative studies for biologics.
    • The expanding landscape of biologics and their indications necessitates robust evaluation frameworks.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To highlight the challenges payers encounter in assessing biologic therapies.
    • To underscore the impact of funding constraints on comparative effectiveness research.
    • To address the potential consequences of insufficient evidence on policy decisions.

    Main Methods:

    • This study reviews the current landscape of biologic therapy evaluation.

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  • It examines the financial barriers to conducting comparative studies.
  • It analyzes the implications of evidence gaps for payer policies.
  • Main Results:

    • Funding limitations represent a major obstacle to head-to-head biologic studies.
    • A lack of objective comparative data may lead to restrictive payer policies.
    • The growing number of biologics exacerbates the need for evidence-based evaluation.

    Conclusions:

    • Addressing funding gaps is critical for generating evidence on biologic therapies.
    • Objective data are essential for informed decision-making by payers.
    • Proactive strategies are needed to prevent overly conservative review policies and ensure patient access.