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Adrenergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:16

Adrenergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

Adrenergic agonists' structure-activity relationship (SAR) determines their selectivity and efficacy. These agonists comprise a phenylethylamine moiety with an aromatic ring and an ethylamine side chain.
Aromatic ring substitutions: Substituting the aromatic ring with –OH groups at positions 3 and 4 yields catecholamines (e.g., epinephrine), which have a high affinity for adrenoceptors. Hydrogen bonding between –OH groups and receptors enhances adrenergic activity.
Separation of the aromatic...
Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacokinetics01:22

Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacokinetics

Indirect-acting cholinergic agonists, or anticholinesterases, enhance the body's cholinergic activity by inhibiting acetylcholine's breakdown. They are categorized as reversible or irreversible agents based on their mechanism of action. They are further classified into short-acting, intermediate-acting, and long-acting agents based on their duration of action.
Reversible agents containing quaternary amines, such as neostigmine and edrophonium, are not easily absorbed orally because they are...
Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Continuous-Release Systems01:26

Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Continuous-Release Systems

Continuous-release drug delivery systems offer a strategic approach to maintaining therapeutic drug levels over extended periods following oral administration. By modulating the release rate of active pharmaceutical ingredients, these systems minimize fluctuations in plasma concentrations, which enhances clinical efficacy and reduces the need for frequent dosing. Such characteristics make them particularly advantageous in managing chronic diseases where patient adherence and stable drug...
Adrenergic Agonists: Mixed-Action Agents01:28

Adrenergic Agonists: Mixed-Action Agents

Mixed-action adrenergic agonists, like ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, directly and indirectly affect adrenergic receptors. These agents stimulate adrenoceptors and indirectly release stored neurotransmitters, amplifying the adrenergic response.
Ephedrine and pseudoephedrine lack a catecholamine group, making them less susceptible to degradation by metabolic enzymes. They have increased oral bioavailability and lipophilicity, resulting in a longer duration of action. Their response is reduced by...
Adrenergic Agonists: Direct-Acting Agents01:30

Adrenergic Agonists: Direct-Acting Agents

Drugs that mimic the action of endogenous catecholamines like noradrenaline and adrenaline are called adrenergic agonists or sympathomimetics. Based on their mechanism of action, sympathomimetics can be classified as direct-, indirect-, or mixed-acting sympathomimetics. Direct-acting adrenergic agonists activate adrenoceptors without affecting presynaptic neurons, making them independent of neuronal catecholamine-depleting agents like reserpine and guanethidine.
These agents can be classified...
Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:29

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Indirect-acting cholinergic agonists are agents that interact with the acetylcholinesterase enzyme in the synaptic cleft, preventing the breakdown of acetylcholine into choline and acetate. Consequently, the concentration of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft increases. These agonists can be classified into reversible and irreversible inhibitors based on their duration of action.
Reversible inhibitors display short to medium durations of action. Short-acting agents include simple alcohols with...

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Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of (<i>E</i>)-3-(2-chloro-phen-yl)-1-(2,5-di-chloro-thio-phen-3-yl)prop-2-en-1-one.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Crystallographic communications·2019
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Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of a bromo-chalcone: (<i>E</i>)-1-(3-bromo-phen-yl)-3-(2,6-di-chloro-phen-yl)prop-2-en-1-one.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Crystallographic communications·2019
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Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of (2

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Crystallographic communications·2018
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Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of (2<i>E</i>)-3-(3-bromo-4-fluoro-phen-yl)-1-(3,4-di-meth-oxy-phen-yl)prop-2-en-1-one.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Crystallographic communications·2018
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Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of (<i>E</i>)-3-(2-chloro-4-fluoro-phen-yl)-1-(2,5-di-chloro-thio-phen-3-yl)prop-2-en-1-one.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Crystallographic communications·2018
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Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of (2<i>E</i>)-3-(3-chloro-phen-yl)-1-(3,4-di-meth-oxy-phen-yl)prop-2-en-1-one.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Crystallographic communications·2018

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Updated: May 14, 2026

Recording Gamma Band Oscillations in Pedunculopontine Nucleus Neurons
09:04

Recording Gamma Band Oscillations in Pedunculopontine Nucleus Neurons

Published on: September 14, 2016

Orphenadrinium dihydrogen citrate.

Manpreet Kaur1, Jerry P Jasinski, Amanda C Keeley

  • 1Department of Studies in Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570 006, India.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
|February 21, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The crystal structure of a novel salt revealed a significant dihedral angle between benzene rings in the cation. Hydrogen bonding interactions formed a unique two-dimensional network, impacting crystal packing.

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Optimized Procedure for Determining the Adsorption of Phosphonates onto Granular Ferric Hydroxide using a Miniaturized Phosphorus Determination Method
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A Convenient Method for Extraction and Analysis with High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography of Catecholamine Neurotransmitters and Their Metabolites
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Optimized Procedure for Determining the Adsorption of Phosphonates onto Granular Ferric Hydroxide using a Miniaturized Phosphorus Determination Method
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A Convenient Method for Extraction and Analysis with High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography of Catecholamine Neurotransmitters and Their Metabolites
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Area of Science:

  • Crystallography
  • Materials Science
  • Supramolecular Chemistry

Background:

  • Understanding the packing of organic salts is crucial for predicting their physical properties.
  • Hydrogen bonding plays a key role in the self-assembly and structural organization of crystalline materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the crystal structure of the title salt, C(18)H(24)NO(+)·C(6)H(7)O(7) (-).
  • To investigate the intermolecular interactions, specifically hydrogen bonding, that govern the crystal packing.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the three-dimensional structure of the salt.
  • Analysis of hydrogen bonding networks and dihedral angles was performed.

Main Results:

  • The crystal structure exhibits a dihedral angle of 74.2(5)° between the benzene rings within the cation.
  • Anion-anion O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds form infinite chains along the [100] direction.
  • Cation-anion N-H-O hydrogen bonds link these chains, creating a two-dimensional network of alternating cation and anion layers parallel to the (100) plane.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides detailed structural insights into the title salt.
  • The observed hydrogen bonding network dictates the formation of a layered, two-dimensional supramolecular architecture.