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IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes

IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes

Aldehydes are named based on the systematic nomenclature rules set by the IUPAC. For acyclic aldehydes, the longest carbon chain containing the aldehydic (–CHO) group is considered the parent chain. The aldehyde is named by replacing the last letter “e” in the hydrocarbon name with “al”. For instance, a simple, seven-carbon-membered acyclic aldehyde is called heptanal, derived from heptane. The carbon chain is numbered starting from the aldehydic carbon, although the aldehydic carbon’s locant...

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides

Naming Acid Halides
The IUPAC and common names of acid halides are derived from the corresponding carboxylic acids, by changing “ic acid” to “yl halide.” For example, as shown below, the IUPAC name ethanoyl chloride is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetyl chloride, is obtained from acetic acid.

Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Overview

Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Overview

Carboxylic acid derivatives are formed by replacing the hydroxyl group of carboxylic acids with a different functional group. The most common carboxylic acid derivatives are:

IUPAC Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids

IUPAC Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids

IUPAC names of carboxylic acids are systematically derived following a few rules discussed below.
For acyclic saturated monocarboxylic acids, the longest hydrocarbon chain containing the –COOH carbon is identified as the parent chain. Then, the last -e of the parent hydrocarbon name is replaced with a suffix -oic acid.

Alkylation of β-Diester Enolates: Malonic Ester Synthesis

Alkylation of β-Diester Enolates: Malonic Ester Synthesis

Malonic ester synthesis is a method to obtain α substituted carboxylic acids from ꞵ-diesters such as diethyl malonate and alkyl halides.

Loss of Carboxy Group as CO2: Decarboxylation of Malonic Acid Derivatives

Loss of Carboxy Group as CO₂: Decarboxylation of Malonic Acid Derivatives

Just like β-keto acids—which upon thermal decarboxylation form ketones—β-dicarboxylic acids undergo decarboxylation to generate monocarboxylic acids with the liberation of carbon dioxide.

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Updated: May 14, 2026

Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives

Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives

Published on: January 19, 2016

2-(Acet-oxy-meth-yl)benzoic acid.

Graeme J Gainsford¹, Ralf Schwörer

¹Carbohydrate Chemistry Group, Industrial Research Limited, PO Box 31-310, Lower Hutt, New Zealand.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online

|February 21, 2013

Summary

This study reveals the crystal structure of a compound, highlighting its unique hydrogen bonding and intermolecular interactions. These interactions explain the challenges in obtaining high-quality single crystals for analysis.

Area of Science:

Crystallography
Supramolecular Chemistry
Organic Chemistry

Background:

Carboxylic acids commonly form dimer structures via hydrogen bonds.
Understanding crystal packing is crucial for material properties.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the crystal structure of the title compound, C(10)H(10)O(4).
To identify and analyze the intermolecular interactions governing crystal formation.
To explain the difficulties in obtaining suitable single crystals.

Main Methods:

Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.
Identification of hydrogen bond motifs (R(2)(2)(8)).
Analysis of C-H···O and C-H···π interactions.

Main Results:

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Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase

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A Strategy for Sensitive, Large Scale Quantitative Metabolomics

A Strategy for Sensitive, Large Scale Quantitative Metabolomics

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Last Updated: May 14, 2026

Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives

Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives

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Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase

Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase

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A Strategy for Sensitive, Large Scale Quantitative Metabolomics

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The compound crystallizes with a carboxylic acid dimer motif.
Chains are formed via C-H···O interactions (C(6) and C(8) motifs).
A weak C-H···π interaction contributes to inter-planar binding.

Conclusions:

The crystal structure is stabilized by a combination of hydrogen bonding and weaker interactions.
The identified weak C-H···π interaction correlates with the difficulty in crystal growth.