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Related Concept Videos

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction01:23

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction

Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:22

Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...
Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS01:11

Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS

Genome-wide association studies or GWAS are used to identify whether common SNPs are associated with certain diseases. Suppose specific SNPs are more frequently observed in individuals with a particular disease than those without the disease. In that case, those SNPs are said to be associated with the disease. Chi-square analysis is performed to check the probability of the allele likely to be associated with the disease.
GWAS does not require the identification of the target gene involved in...
Rheumatic Heart Disease III: Medical Management01:21

Rheumatic Heart Disease III: Medical Management

Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) management can be divided into two main strategies: prevention and long-term management.Primary PreventionPrimary prevention focuses on timely diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis to prevent acute rheumatic fever. The most widely used antibiotic for treating this condition is intramuscular benzathine penicillin G.Acute Rheumatic Fever TreatmentThe primary treatment goal for a patient diagnosed with acute rheumatic fever is to suppress the...
Structural Joints: Synovial Joints01:16

Structural Joints: Synovial Joints

Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body. A key structural characteristic for a synovial joint is the presence of a joint cavity. This fluid-filled space is where the articulating surfaces of the bones contact each other. Also, unlike fibrous or cartilaginous joints, the articulating bone surfaces at a synovial joint are not directly connected to each other with fibrous connective tissue or cartilage. This gives the bones of a synovial joint the ability to move smoothly...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2026

Preliminary Study on Acupuncture Combined with Grain-sized Moxibustion for Treating Rheumatoid Arthritis with Finger Joint Pain
04:50

Preliminary Study on Acupuncture Combined with Grain-sized Moxibustion for Treating Rheumatoid Arthritis with Finger Joint Pain

Published on: May 16, 2025

Extra-articular rheumatoid arthritis.

Carl Turesson1

  • 1Section of Rheumatology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden. Carl.Turesson@med.lu.se

Current Opinion in Rheumatology
|February 22, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Extra-articular manifestations (ExRA) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are linked to higher mortality. While some ExRA, like vasculitis, are less common due to better RA control, severe active RA still poses a risk. Treatment strategies require further investigation.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 14, 2026

Preliminary Study on Acupuncture Combined with Grain-sized Moxibustion for Treating Rheumatoid Arthritis with Finger Joint Pain
04:50

Preliminary Study on Acupuncture Combined with Grain-sized Moxibustion for Treating Rheumatoid Arthritis with Finger Joint Pain

Published on: May 16, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology
  • Immunology
  • Clinical Medicine

Background:

  • Extra-articular manifestations (ExRA) are common in rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
  • ExRA significantly increases comorbidity and mortality in RA patients.
  • Improved RA disease control may reduce the incidence of certain ExRA.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent epidemiological and pathogenetic findings of ExRA in RA.
  • To provide an updated literature review on treating ExRA in RA patients.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on rheumatoid arthritis and its extra-articular manifestations.
  • Analysis of epidemiological data, pathogenetic mechanisms, and treatment outcomes.

Main Results:

  • ExRA is associated with increased comorbidity and mortality.
  • Some ExRA, particularly vasculitis, appear less frequent, possibly due to improved RA disease activity control.
  • Active RA with high disease activity increases the risk of severe ExRA.
  • Studies on biologic treatments for ExRA are inconclusive.
  • Circulating immune complexes and T cells are implicated in ExRA pathogenesis.
  • Genetic factors may differ between ExRA types like vasculitis and interstitial lung disease.
  • Limited evidence supports cyclophosphamide, TNF-inhibitors, or rituximab for severe ExRA.

Conclusions:

  • ExRA presents ongoing diagnostic and therapeutic challenges in RA management.
  • Further research into the pathogenesis of systemic involvement and treatment effects is needed to improve patient outcomes.