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Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed...
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Related Experiment Video

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Experimental Methods of Dust Charging and Mobilization on Surfaces with Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation or Plasmas
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Enhanced nitrogen deposition over China.

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  • 1College of Resources & Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.

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This summary is machine-generated.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Atmospheric Chemistry
  • Ecology

Background:

  • China faces severe air pollution from reactive nitrogen emissions.
  • Nitrogen deposition impacts ecosystems, human health, and climate.
  • Data on nitrogen deposition in China is scarce.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate nitrogen deposition dynamics and ecosystem impacts in China from 1980 to 2010.
  • To analyze trends in bulk nitrogen deposition and its forms.
  • To assess the effects of nitrogen deposition on plant and crop nitrogen uptake.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized nationwide datasets on bulk nitrogen deposition.
  • Analyzed plant foliar nitrogen concentrations.
  • Examined crop nitrogen uptake from unfertilized soils.

Main Results:

  • Average annual bulk nitrogen deposition increased significantly from 13.2 to 21.1 kg N/ha between the 1980s and 2000s.
  • Nitrogen deposition rates in industrial and agricultural regions match peak levels seen in Europe before mitigation.
  • Increased plant foliar nitrogen and crop nitrogen uptake were observed, indicating ecosystem impacts.

Conclusions:

  • China's nitrogen emissions and deposition pose significant environmental and health challenges.
  • Reducing reactive nitrogen emissions is crucial for mitigating negative impacts.
  • Continued monitoring and emission control strategies are necessary.