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Related Concept Videos

Organization of the Brain01:30

Organization of the Brain

The brain is an integral component of the nervous system and serves as the center for processing sensory inputs, making decisions, and directing bodily actions. This complex organ is organized into three primary sections: the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain, each responsible for a range of vital functions.
Hindbrain
The hindbrain, located at the base of the brain, plays a vital role in regulating automatic processes that sustain life. It includes the medulla oblongata, which is essential for...
Neuroplasticity01:01

Neuroplasticity

Neuroplasticity reflects the brain's remarkable capacity to adapt and evolve, responding dynamically to learning, experiences, or injury by reorganizing its neural circuitry. This reorganization involves creating new neural connections and refining old ones through a series of biological processes that contribute to the brain's lifelong development and adaptability.
Functional Brain Systems: Reticular Formation01:13

Functional Brain Systems: Reticular Formation

The reticular formation is a complex network of gray and white matter located within the brainstem extending from the medulla to the midbrain.
Within the reticular formation, there are several distinct nuclei that can be classified into three broad categories. The Raphe nuclei are located along the midline of the brainstem. They are primarily known for their role in synthesizing and releasing serotonin, a neurotransmitter involved in regulating mood, appetite, sleep, and circadian rhythms. The...
Neural Circuits01:25

Neural Circuits

Neural circuits and neuronal pools are two of the main structures found in the nervous system. Neural circuits are networks of neurons that work together to carry out a specific task or process. They consist of interconnected neurons and glial cells, which provide structural and metabolic support.
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Anatomy of the Brain: Major Regions01:20

Anatomy of the Brain: Major Regions

The brain is the most complex organ in the human body. It consists of four main parts: the cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, and brainstem.
The cerebrum is the largest section of the brain and divides into left and right hemispheres, separated by a deep fissure. The cerebral outer layer of grey matter — the cerebral cortex — comprises elevations called gyri and shallow groves called sulci. The inner portion of white matter includes long nerve fibers known as axons, which connect various areas...
Neurons as Communicators of the Brain01:22

Neurons as Communicators of the Brain

Neurons, the fundamental units of the brain and nervous system, function as the primary transmitters of information throughout the body. Their ability to communicate through electrical and chemical signals is vital for every bodily function, from regulating the heartbeat to processing complex thoughts. Each neuron has three main components: the cell body (soma), dendrites, and an axon, each specialized to facilitate swift and efficient neural communication.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2026

Modeling the Functional Network for Spatial Navigation in the Human Brain
05:55

Modeling the Functional Network for Spatial Navigation in the Human Brain

Published on: October 13, 2023

Evolutionarily novel functional networks in the human brain?

Dante Mantini1, Maurizio Corbetta, Gian Luca Romani

  • 1Laboratory of Neuro- and Psychophysiology, KU Leuven Medical School, Leuven 3000, Belgium.

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
|February 22, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Brain evolution shows conserved and novel networks. Some primate brain networks maintain structure and function, while others diverge or emerge uniquely in humans, particularly in expanded frontoparietal regions.

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Dynamic Inter-subject Functional Connectivity Reveals Moment-to-Moment Brain Network Configurations Driven by Continuous or Communication Paradigms
08:36

Dynamic Inter-subject Functional Connectivity Reveals Moment-to-Moment Brain Network Configurations Driven by Continuous or Communication Paradigms

Published on: March 21, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Comparative Anatomy

Background:

  • Primate evolution involves significant brain reorganization.
  • The link between anatomical and functional brain changes during primate evolution is poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate spatial and temporal correspondences of cortical networks in humans and monkeys.
  • To identify conserved and novel brain networks across primate evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to compare cortical networks.
  • Analysis focused on sensory-motor, attention, language, default-mode, and frontoparietal networks.

Main Results:

  • Topologically and functionally correspondent networks were found in sensory-motor and attention regions, including a potential monkey equivalent of the human ventral attention network.
  • Language and default-mode networks showed topological correspondence but functional divergence between species.
  • Two lateralized human frontoparietal networks, located in evolutionarily expanded cortical regions, lacked topological or functional correspondents in monkeys, suggesting they are evolutionarily novel.

Conclusions:

  • Evolution conserves both topology and function in some primate brain networks.
  • Structurally preserved networks can exhibit functional divergence over evolutionary time.
  • Novel, human-specific cortical networks have emerged during human evolution, particularly in expanded frontoparietal areas.