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Related Concept Videos

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the generated carbocation,...
Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, high molecular...
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael acceptor.
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview01:13

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview

Recently, the development of olefin metathesis polymerization advanced the field of polymer synthesis. Simply put, the reorganization of substituents on their double bonds between two olefins in the presence of a catalyst is known as the olefin metathesis reaction. The use of metathesis reaction for polymer synthesis is called olefin metathesis polymerization.
Ruthenium-based Grubbs catalyst is the most commonly used catalyst for olefin metathesis polymerization. Grubbs catalyst consists of a...
Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...

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Updated: May 14, 2026

Synthesis and Characterization of Self-Assembled Metal-Organic Framework Monolayers Using Polymer-Coated Particles
06:48

Synthesis and Characterization of Self-Assembled Metal-Organic Framework Monolayers Using Polymer-Coated Particles

Published on: June 14, 2024

Steering on-surface polymerization with metal-directed template.

Tao Lin1, Xue Song Shang, Jinne Adisoejoso

  • 1Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|February 23, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Metal-directed templates enable controlled on-surface polymerization, yielding uniform macromolecular porphyrin structures. This advance in bottom-up synthesis offers ordered, size-specific macromolecules on surfaces.

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3D Printing and In Situ Surface Modification via Type I Photoinitiated Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization
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3D Printing and In Situ Surface Modification via Type I Photoinitiated Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization

Published on: February 18, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Surface Chemistry
  • Supramolecular Chemistry

Background:

  • On-surface polymerization is a bottom-up method for creating macromolecular structures.
  • Current methods often result in broad size distributions and disordered adsorption.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a strategy for controlled on-surface polymerization using metal-directed templates.
  • To synthesize macromolecular porphyrin structures with narrow size distribution and high order.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a bifunctional precursor with pyridyl and bromine end groups.
  • Employed a linear template strategy based on pyridyl-Cu-pyridyl coordination on a Au(111) surface.
  • Investigated polymerization using scanning tunneling microscopy and kinetic Monte Carlo simulations.

Main Results:

  • Achieved controlled Ullmann coupling of monomers via metal-directed templating.
  • Synthesized macromolecular porphyrin structures with a narrow size distribution.
  • Demonstrated copper's role in catalyzing C-C bond formation, controlling size, and organizing structures.

Conclusions:

  • Metal-directed templating offers precise control over on-surface polymerization.
  • This method enables the synthesis of highly ordered, size-specific macromolecular porphyrins.
  • The approach advances bottom-up fabrication of functional macromolecular architectures.