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Updated: May 14, 2026

Developing a Rat Model for Bipolar Disorder
Published on: May 2, 2025
Bipolar disorder and Premenstrual Syndrome or Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder comorbidity: a systematic review
Patricia Carvalho Cirillo1, Roberta Benitez Freitas Passos, Mario Cesar do Nascimento Bevilaqua
1Laboratory of Panic & Respiration, Institute of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. patcirillo@terra.com.br
Objective:
This article aims to review the comorbidity of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) or premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) and bipolar disorder (BD), identify variables requiring further investigation and to remind physicians that special care is required for diagnosis and therapy.
Method:
A systematic review of articles published from 1987 to February 2012 was conducted in the Medline database with the following terms: (premenstrual syndrome OR premenstrual dysphoric disorder OR premenstrual) AND (bipolar OR mania OR manic). Seventeen articles were analyzed.
Results:
PMS and PMDD were most often comorbid among BD-II patients and vice versa. Moreover, patients with PMS or PMDD also have an increased risk of having BD-I. In addition, bipolar women susceptible to hormonal changes exhibit more severe symptoms, more frequent relapses and a worse therapeutic response.
Conclusion:
Future investigations should attempt to stabilize hormonal levels through the continuous use of contraceptives to target a reduction in symptom severity. In addition, psychiatrists should note menstrual period dates and compare symptom intensity between the luteal and follicular phases. Finally, PMS and PMDD patients should be studied separately.
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