Role of stromal-epithelial interaction in the formation and development of cancer cells

Identification of gene expression mechanisms began with works on embryonic induction. The same mechanism of cell-cell interactions also contributes to the process of oncogenesis. Damage to epithelial cells' genetic apparatus turns them into precancerous stem cells that are not yet capable of tumor growth. They can be transformed into cancer stem cells and undergo further progression as a result of epigenetic effects of apocrine secretion by surrounding activated stromal cells (mostly myofibroblasts). These factors may activate the damaged genetic information. On the contrary, the level of malignancy can be decreased by adding culture medium from non-activated stromal cells. One must not exclude the possibility that in a number of cases genetically altered bone marrow may migrate to damaged or inflamed tissues and become there a source of stromal cells, as well as of parenchymal stem cells in a damaged organ, where they may give rise to changed epithelial (precancerous) stem cells or to activated stromal cells, thus leading to malignant tumor growth. Cancer treatment should also affect activated stromal cells. It may prevent emergence and progression of cancerous stem cells.