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Related Concept Videos

Entropy02:39

Entropy

Salt particles that have dissolved in water never spontaneously come back together in solution to reform solid particles. Moreover, a gas that has expanded in a vacuum remains dispersed and never spontaneously reassembles. The unidirectional nature of these phenomena is the result of a thermodynamic state function called entropy (S). Entropy is the measure of the extent to which the energy is dispersed throughout a system, or in other words, it is proportional to the degree of disorder of a...
Entropy01:18

Entropy

The first law of thermodynamics is quantitatively formulated via an equation relating the internal energy of a system, the heat exchanged by it, and the work done on it. A quantitative formulation of the second law of thermodynamics leads to defining a state function, the entropy.
When an ideal gas expands isothermally, the disorder in the gas increases. From the molecular perspective, the gas molecules have more volume to move around in.
Consider an infinitesimal step in the expansion, which...
Limits with Oscillating Discontinuities01:19

Limits with Oscillating Discontinuities

An oscillating discontinuity is a type of discontinuity in which a function’s values fluctuate infinitely often as the input approaches a particular point. Unlike jump discontinuities, where the function suddenly shifts between two values, or infinite discontinuities, where the function diverges without bound, an oscillating discontinuity arises from rapid back-and-forth variation. Because the function never stabilizes toward a single value, no finite limit exists at that point.One of the most...
Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics01:20

Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

The second law of thermodynamics can be stated quantitatively using the concept of entropy. Entropy is the measure of disorder of the system.
The relation  between entropy and disorder can be illustrated with the example of the phase change of ice to water. In ice, the molecules are located at specific sites giving a solid state, whereas, in a liquid form, these molecules are much freer to move. The molecular arrangement has therefore become more randomized. Although the change in average...
Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics01:26

Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Consider an isolated system in which a hot object is placed in contact with a cold one. This is an irreversible process that eventually leads both objects to reach the same equilibrium temperature. It is crucial to note that the constituents of any substance exhibit increased disorder at higher temperatures. As a cold substance absorbs heat, its constituents become more disordered. The energy transfer from a hotter object to a cooler one increases the system's disorder or randomness. This...
Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids
11:03

An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids

Published on: December 4, 2017

Fluctuation and dissipation at a quantum critical point.

David Tong1, Kenny Wong

  • 1Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0WA, United Kingdom.

Physical Review Letters
|February 26, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Quantum fluctuations cause dissipation in field theories. Holographic methods reveal that particle dynamics in quantum critical theories become mass-independent for a dynamical exponent z>2.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum Field Theory
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Holography

Background:

  • Quantum fluctuations induce zero-temperature dissipation in nonrelativistic field theories.
  • Understanding dissipative dynamics is crucial for quantum critical systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the dissipative dynamics of massive particles coupled to quantum critical theories using holographic methods.
  • To derive analytic expressions for correlation and response functions.

Main Methods:

  • Holographic duality (AdS/CFT correspondence) applied to nonrelativistic field theories.
  • Analysis of quantum critical models with massive particle interactions.

Main Results:

  • Analytic expressions for correlation and response functions were obtained.
  • A qualitative change in dissipative behavior occurs at the dynamical exponent z=2.
  • For z>2, the particle's long-time dynamics become independent of its inertial mass.

Conclusions:

  • Holographic methods provide insights into quantum dissipation.
  • The dynamical exponent z critically influences particle dynamics in quantum critical theories.
  • Mass independence at z>2 suggests universal behavior in dissipative quantum systems.