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What are Lipids?01:38

What are Lipids?

Overview
Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies01:38

Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies

Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
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Bioavailability Enhancement: Drug Permeability Enhancement

After oral administration, poor permeability often limits the rate at which drugs are absorbed through the intestinal epithelium. Enhancing drug permeability is crucial for effective therapy, and several strategies have been developed to overcome this challenge.One effective strategy involves the use of lipid-based formulations. These formulations enhance dissolution and solubility, targeting physiological mechanisms to increase drug absorption. This includes stimulating bile salt secretion,...
Lysosomes01:31

Lysosomes

Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed spherical sacs derived from the Golgi apparatus. The most important function of the lysosome is degrading macromolecules and biological polymers that are released during membrane trafficking events such as the secretory, endocytic, autophagic, and phagocytic pathways. The degradation is carried out by several hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen. These acid hydrolases are involved in cellular processes such as cell signaling,...
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Lipids include a diverse group of compounds that are largely nonpolar in nature. This is because they are hydrocarbons that include mostly nonpolar carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonds. Non-polar molecules are hydrophobic (“water fearing”), or insoluble in water. Lipids perform many different functions in a cell. Cells store energy for long-term use in the form of fats. Lipids also provide insulation from the environment for plants and animals. For example, they help keep aquatic birds and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Preparation and Characterization of Nanoliposomes for the Entrapment of Bioactive Hydrophilic Globular Proteins
11:30

Preparation and Characterization of Nanoliposomes for the Entrapment of Bioactive Hydrophilic Globular Proteins

Published on: August 31, 2019

Liposome: classification, preparation, and applications.

Abolfazl Akbarzadeh1, Rogaie Rezaei-Sadabady, Soodabeh Davaran

  • 1Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51664, Iran. akbarzadehab@tbzmed.ac.ir.

Nanoscale Research Letters
|February 26, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Liposomes are versatile vesicles used in drug delivery. This review focuses on scalable liposome production techniques, their industrial applications, and regulatory considerations for pharmaceutical formulations.

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Last Updated: May 13, 2026

Preparation and Characterization of Nanoliposomes for the Entrapment of Bioactive Hydrophilic Globular Proteins
11:30

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Published on: August 31, 2019

Preparation, Purification, and Use of Fatty Acid-containing Liposomes
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Published on: February 9, 2018

On-Chip Octanol-Assisted Liposome Assembly for Bioengineering
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On-Chip Octanol-Assisted Liposome Assembly for Bioengineering

Published on: March 17, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Colloid Science
  • Biochemistry
  • Drug Delivery Systems

Background:

  • Liposomes, phospholipid vesicles, have been utilized since the 1960s across diverse scientific fields.
  • They have evolved into advanced drug delivery systems with several formulations currently in clinical use.
  • Research has advanced from conventional liposomes to 'second-generation liposomes' with improved circulation times.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review scalable techniques for liposome production.
  • To analyze the strengths and limitations of these techniques for industrial application.
  • To discuss regulatory requirements for liposomal drug formulations based on FDA and EMEA guidelines.

Main Methods:

  • Summarization of scalable liposome manufacturing techniques.
  • Analysis of industrial applicability based on vesicle properties (lipid composition, size, charge).
  • Review of regulatory documentation from the FDA and EMEA concerning liposomal formulations.

Main Results:

  • Identification of scalable techniques for liposome production.
  • Evaluation of industrial feasibility and limitations of various liposome modifications (e.g., surface modification with glycolipids).
  • Assessment of regulatory landscapes for liposomal drug products.

Conclusions:

  • Scalable liposome production is crucial for pharmaceutical applications.
  • Technological advancements have led to improved liposome-based drug delivery systems.
  • Understanding industrial applicability and regulatory requirements is essential for successful liposomal drug formulation development.