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Microtubule Associated Proteins (MAPs)

Microtubule Associated Proteins (MAPs)

Microtubule function and architecture are regulated by an array of specialized proteins called microtubule-associated proteins or MAPs. These proteins are widespread across different organisms and have conserved protein motifs, like the multi-TOG domain for tubulin binding found in the CLASP family of MAPs. Some MAPs are lineage-specific based on their conserved domains. Their functions depend upon the cytoskeletal architecture and cell type they are located within. In-plant cells, a specific...

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Mitogen-activated protein kinase, or MAPK pathway, activates three sequential kinases to regulate cellular responses such as proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. The canonical MAPK pathway starts with a mitogen or growth factor binding to an RTK. The activated RTKs stimulate Ras, which recruits Raf or MAP3 Kinase (MAPKKK), the first kinase of the MAPK signaling cascade. Raf further phosphorylates and activates MEK or MAP2 Kinases (MAPKK), which in turn phosphorylates MAP...

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
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The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions that take up more dye are called heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is further classified into two forms – constitutive heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatin.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers

Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers

Published on: September 20, 2018

Chromatin-tethered MAPKs.

Aileen M Klein¹, Elma Zaganjor, Melanie H Cobb

¹Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX 75390-9041, United States.

Current Opinion in Cell Biology

|February 26, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) regulate DNA processes. This review updates recent findings on MAPK functions and mechanisms in chromatin regulation.

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Published on: January 20, 2016

Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Cell Biology
Biochemistry

Background:

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are crucial signaling molecules involved in numerous cellular processes.
MAPKs play significant roles in regulating DNA-related functions within the cell.
The four major MAPK subgroups include ERK1/2, ERK5, JNK1-3, and p38 families.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a concise update on the diverse cellular processes regulated by MAPKs.
To highlight recent advancements in understanding MAPK mechanisms, particularly concerning chromatin.
To summarize findings from the past two years regarding MAPK involvement in DNA regulation.

Main Methods:

Literature review of recent scientific publications.
Analysis of studies focusing on MAPK signaling pathways.
Synthesis of data on MAPK interactions with DNA and chromatin.

Main Results:

MAPK pathways are implicated in a wide array of cellular regulatory circuits.
Most members of the four canonical MAPK subgroups exhibit regulatory functions on chromatin.
Recent research has elucidated novel mechanisms by which MAPKs influence DNA processes.

Conclusions:

MAPKs are key regulators of DNA-related cellular functions.
Continued research into MAPK mechanisms is vital for understanding cellular regulation.
The past two years have yielded significant insights into MAPK roles in chromatin modification.