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Related Concept Videos

Menopause01:28

Menopause

Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH release.
Hormonal Regulation01:40

Hormonal Regulation

Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.
Hormonal Regulation01:33

Hormonal Regulation

The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.
Chronopharmacokinetics: Circadian Rhythms and Influence on Drug Response01:15

Chronopharmacokinetics: Circadian Rhythms and Influence on Drug Response

Circadian rhythms are cyclic changes that are crucial in plasma drug concentrations. Various standard circadian parameters, including core body temperature, heart rate, and other cardiovascular factors, directly impact disease states and the therapeutic response to drug therapy.
The time of drug administration is an important factor to consider, as it can influence the toxic dose of a drug. For example, a study conducted by Prins et al. in 1997 examined the effects of the timing of...
Drug Dosing: Geriatric Patients01:15

Drug Dosing: Geriatric Patients

Elderly individuals encompass a diverse population with varying degrees of age-related physiological changes. Defining the elderly presents challenges, as the geriatric population is often arbitrarily categorized as individuals older than 65. However, many individuals in this group lead active and healthy lives, with an increasing number surpassing 85 years and falling into the older elderly category. Physiological changes associated with aging impact performance capacity and homeostatic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause
06:18

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause

Published on: August 13, 2019

Timing hypothesis for postmenopausal hormone therapy: its origin, current status, and future.

Thomas B Clarkson1, Giselle C Meléndez, Susan E Appt

  • 1Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA. tclarkso@wakehealth.edu

Menopause (New York, N.Y.)
|February 26, 2013
PubMed
Summary

The timing of hormone therapy (HT) initiation after menopause is crucial for cardiovascular benefits. Early HT may slow atherosclerosis, but delayed use shows no benefit, supporting the "timing hypothesis".

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 13, 2026

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause
06:18

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause

Published on: August 13, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Science
  • Endocrinology
  • Menopause Research

Background:

  • Early studies suggested hormone therapy (HT) protected against coronary artery atherosclerosis.
  • This led to randomized trials to assess HT's cardiovascular risks and benefits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Review cardiovascular studies informing randomized HT trials.
  • Examine the pathobiological basis of the
  • timing hypothesis
  • .
  • Analyze trial data and experimental evidence on early HT initiation.

Main Methods:

  • Interpretive literature review of preclinical and clinical studies.
  • Analysis of subset data from randomized trials like the Women's Health Initiative.

Main Results:

  • Randomized trials did not show HT benefits for existing atherosclerosis.
  • Animal studies indicated HT slowed atherosclerosis progression only when initiated soon after menopause.

Conclusions:

  • Data on the
  • timing hypothesis
  • is mixed.
  • Estrogen therapy initiated early in menopause appears safe and may slow atherosclerosis progression, reducing cardiovascular disease burden.