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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...

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Related Experiment Videos

Thyroid hormone and cardiovascular system: from basic concepts to clinical application.

Giorgio Iervasi1, Giuseppina Nicolini

  • 1CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, C.N.R.-Tuscany Region G. Monasterio Foundation, Pisa, Italy. iervasi@ifc.cnr.it

Internal and Emergency Medicine
|February 26, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid hormone (TH) significantly impacts cardiovascular health. This review explores the link between altered thyroid function, particularly low-T3 syndrome, and the progression of heart failure (HF).

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology and Cardiology
  • Focuses on the interplay between thyroid hormone metabolism and cardiovascular system function.

Background:

  • Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide.
  • Chronic heart failure (HF) is a prevalent condition, especially in older adults.
  • Thyroid hormone (TH) derangements are increasingly recognized as significant factors in HF progression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the pathophysiological and clinical connections between abnormal thyroid metabolism and cardiovascular diseases.
  • To examine the role of altered thyroid function in the progression of heart failure.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of experimental and clinical findings.
  • Analysis of the "low-T3" syndrome in heart failure patients.
  • Examination of thyroid hormone alterations in cardiovascular disease progression.

Main Results:

  • Thyroid hormone (TH) is crucial for maintaining cardiovascular (CV) homeostasis.
  • "Low-T3" syndrome, characterized by reduced T3 levels with normal T4 and TSH, is an early alteration in HF.
  • This syndrome affects up to one-third of advanced HF patients.

Conclusions:

  • Altered thyroid metabolism, specifically "low-T3" syndrome, is closely linked to the pathophysiology and progression of heart failure.
  • Understanding these links is vital for managing cardiovascular diseases and heart failure.