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Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology

Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of urinary tract infections (UTIs) encompasses several progressive stages, beginning with bacterial colonization and culminating in potential systemic complications if untreated. UTIs are primarily initiated by bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, which often originate from the gastrointestinal tract and migrate to the urinary system through the periurethral area. This migration can occur via several routes, including improper hygiene practices, sexual activity, or...

Urinary Tract Infection I: Introduction

Urinary Tract Infection I: Introduction

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) impact various parts of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. These infections are generally bacterial, with Escherichia coli being the most common causative agent, often originating from the gastrointestinal tract. However, other bacteria, such as Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis, are also known to cause UTIs. The type, location, and underlying complexity of the UTI guide both...

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Meaning of Cystoscopic Examination:Cystoscopy is an essential diagnostic tool in urology that is used to assess the structure and function of the genitourinary system. It provides a direct view of the urethra, bladder, and, in some cases, the ureteral openings. This procedure helps detect structural abnormalities, infections, cancers, and blockages in the urinary tract. There are two types of cystoscopy:Flexible cystoscopy is commonly performed in outpatient settings due to its less invasive...

Disorders of the Urinary System

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The urinary system is responsible for eliminating waste and excess fluids from the body. However, disorders of the urinary system can arise due to various reasons like infections, stress, age, congenital abnormalities, and lifestyle.
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Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction

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Renal calculi, or kidney stones, are solid deposits of minerals and salts formed inside the kidneys. In medical terminology, "calculus" refers to the stone itself, while "lithiasis" describes the process of stone formation. Depending on their location within the urinary system, these stones may be classified as either urolithiasis, when situated within the urinary tract, or nephrolithiasis, when located within the kidneys. Each term signifies the specific impact of the stone.Predisposition...

Ureters

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The ureters are retroperitoneal tubes located on either side of the vertebral column. They are responsible for transporting urine from each kidney to the urinary bladder. These tubes have thick walls and are approximately 25-30 cm long. Their diameter is around 10 mm at the renal pelvis, gradually narrowing to 1 mm as the ureter obliquely enters the posterior bladder wall through the ureteric orifices. The shape of these orifices is slit-like, which helps to prevent urine backflow toward the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Assessing Urinary Tract Junction Obstruction Defects by Methylene Blue Dye Injection

Assessing Urinary Tract Junction Obstruction Defects by Methylene Blue Dye Injection

Published on: October 12, 2017

An infected urachal cyst.

Bhavna L Gami¹, S Biswas

¹Department of Biosurgery and Surgical Technology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St Mary's Hospital, London, UK. b.gami@imperial.ac.uk

BMJ Case Reports

|February 26, 2013

Summary

Urachal cysts are rare in adults. This case study details a young man with an infected urachal cyst presenting as umbilical pain and swelling, successfully treated with surgical excision.

Area of Science:

Urology
Surgical Pathology

Background:

Urachal remnants are congenital structures that can develop into pathologies like urachal cysts.
Urachal cysts are uncommon in adults, with presentations often mimicking other umbilical or abdominal conditions.

Observation:

A 25-year-old male presented with a painful, discharging umbilical swelling.
Clinical examination revealed signs suggestive of an infected urachal cyst.

Findings:

Imaging studies, including ultrasonography and CT scan, confirmed the diagnosis of an infected urachal cyst.
Cystoscopy was performed to further evaluate the urachal remnant and rule out associated bladder pathology.

Implications:

This case highlights the importance of considering urachal cyst in the differential diagnosis of adult umbilical abnormalities.

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Prompt diagnosis and surgical management, such as cyst excision, lead to favorable outcomes in infected urachal cysts.