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The most basic experimental design involves two groups: the experimental group and the control group. The two groups are designed to be the same except for one difference— experimental manipulation. The experimental group gets the experimental manipulation—that is, the treatment or variable being tested—and the control group does not. Since experimental manipulation is the only difference between the experimental and control groups, we can be sure that any differences between the two are due to...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Group Synchronization During Collaborative Drawing Using Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
07:53

Group Synchronization During Collaborative Drawing Using Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Published on: August 5, 2022

Audience design through social interaction during group discussion.

Shane L Rogers1, Nicolas Fay, Murray Maybery

  • 1School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.

Plos One
|February 26, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Audience design in group communication is not a strategic individual choice but emerges as a non-strategic outcome of social interaction. Increased group size necessitates more communicative effort for coordination.

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Assessment of Social Interaction Behaviors
06:41

Assessment of Social Interaction Behaviors

Published on: February 25, 2011

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 13, 2026

Group Synchronization During Collaborative Drawing Using Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
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Group Synchronization During Collaborative Drawing Using Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Published on: August 5, 2022

Assessment of Social Interaction Behaviors
06:41

Assessment of Social Interaction Behaviors

Published on: February 25, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Communication Studies
  • Sociolinguistics

Background:

  • Audience design, the process of adapting messages for listeners, is debated regarding its strategic or non-strategic nature.
  • Two primary accounts exist: strategic individual-level message adjustment versus non-strategic interaction-level adjustment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether audience design in multiparty communication is a strategic individual process or a non-strategic interactional outcome.
  • To differentiate between audience design as intentional message tailoring versus emergent communicative effort.

Main Methods:

  • Experiment 1: Non-interactive task to assess message adjustment for self versus others, varying audience size.
  • Experiment 2: Interactive task to measure communicative effort (word count) in relation to group size.
  • Experiment 3: Comprehension task to validate production measures from Experiments 1 and 2.

Main Results:

  • In non-interactive settings, messages for others were longer than for self, supporting strategic design.
  • Audience size did not influence message length in non-interactive settings.
  • In interactive settings, communicative effort increased with group size, supporting non-strategic, interaction-driven design.
  • Coordination needs in larger groups drive increased communicative effort.

Conclusions:

  • Audience design in multiparty communication is primarily a non-strategic outcome.
  • Communicative effort and message adaptation emerge from the dynamics of social interaction and coordination needs.
  • The findings challenge purely strategic models of audience design in group contexts.