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Related Concept Videos

Birth Control Methods01:22

Birth Control Methods

Vasectomy is a surgical form of male sterilization that involves severing and sealing the vasa deferentia, preventing sperm from mixing with semen during ejaculation. Because a vasectomy does not impact the testes' ability to produce testosterone, hormone levels, libido, and sexual function generally remain unchanged. While vasectomy is highly effective in preventing pregnancy, with a success rate near 99.85%, rare cases of recanalization (spontaneous reconnection) can occur. Although vasectomy...
Intrauterine Drug Delivery Systems01:21

Intrauterine Drug Delivery Systems

Controlled-release systems for intravaginal and intrauterine drug delivery have been developed primarily for the administration of contraceptive steroid hormones. These delivery routes circumvent first-pass hepatic metabolism, thereby enhancing bioavailability and allowing for reduced systemic dosages compared to oral administration. Such approaches contribute to improved therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance, particularly in long-term contraceptive regimens.Intravaginal Drug Delivery...
Drug Delivery: Enteral Route01:18

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
Drugs in...
Ovarian Cycle01:27

Ovarian Cycle

The menstrual cycle includes a critical component known as the ovarian cycle, which undergoes two main phases each month—the follicular phase and the luteal phase. The follicular phase is variable and averaging around 14 days. Ovulation, triggered by a surge in luteinizing hormone (LH), marks the transition between the two phases. The second phase, the luteal phase, is relatively consistent, lasting approximately 14 days, and is marked by the activity of the corpus luteum. While a cycle length...
Infertility in Females01:28

Infertility in Females

Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.
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Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle01:30

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle.  At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...

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Auricular Point Acupressure Therapy: A Safe and Effective Treatment for Postsurgical Abortion Recovery
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Published on: February 3, 2026

Emergency contraception.

Kristina Gemzell-Danielsson1, Thomas Rabe, Linan Cheng

  • 1Department of Woman and Child Health, Karolinska Institutet, WHO-centre, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.

Gynecological Endocrinology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology
|February 27, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Emergency contraception (EC) options have evolved, with levonorgestrel (LNG) pills and copper IUDs being common. Ulipristal acetate (UPA) offers higher efficacy and a longer window for EC use after unprotected sexual intercourse (UPSI).

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Health
  • Pharmacology
  • Contraception

Background:

  • Numerous methods for fertility control after unprotected sexual intercourse (UPSI) exist, ranging from hormonal treatments to intrauterine devices.
  • Hormonal methods, particularly those involving levonorgestrel (LNG), have become widely adopted for emergency contraception (EC).
  • Copper intrauterine devices (IUDs) are also utilized for EC, offering high efficacy but with limitations regarding accessibility and invasiveness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and compare available emergency contraception (EC) methods.
  • To highlight the efficacy and application windows of different EC options, including LNG, copper IUDs, mifepristone, and ulipristal acetate (UPA).
  • To discuss the safety profiles and practical considerations of each EC method.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on emergency contraception (EC) methods.
  • Comparison of efficacy, duration of use, and mechanism of action for various EC agents.
  • Analysis of safety data, including effects on pregnancy, ectopic pregnancy rates, and venous thromboembolism (VTE).

Main Results:

  • Levonorgestrel (LNG) pills are a standard EC method, effective within 72 hours (WHO up to 5 days), with efficacy decreasing over time.
  • Copper IUDs demonstrate high efficacy for EC but require trained providers and may not be universally acceptable.
  • Ulipristal acetate (UPA) has shown higher efficacy than LNG, particularly within the first 24-72 hours, and can be used up to 5 days after UPSI with no reported VTE or impact on implantation.

Conclusions:

  • Ulipristal acetate (UPA) represents a significant advancement in emergency contraception (EC), offering improved efficacy and a broader application window compared to LNG.
  • The choice of EC method should consider individual factors, timing of administration, and potential contraindications.
  • Prompt administration of EC after unprotected sexual intercourse (UPSI) is recommended for optimal effectiveness, irrespective of the chosen method.