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Updated: May 13, 2026

Candidate Gene Testing in Clinical Cohort Studies with Multiplexed Genotyping and Mass Spectrometry
Published on: June 21, 2018
Beyond the clinic: 'direct-to-consumer' genomic profiling services and pharmacogenomics
Barbara Prainsack1, Effy Vayena
1Department of Social Science, Health & Medicine, King's College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK. barbara.prainsack@kcl.ac.uk
Abstract:
This article provides an overview of commercial pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics testing services offered online. The concept of 'beyond-the-clinic' (BTC) genomic testing is introduced to refer to the variety of formats in which these tests are offered and a typology of BTC models is developed. The authors review such models in relation to tests for individual drug response that are currently on offer. In conclusion, the authors argue that the evolving BTC domain provides opportunities for the pioneering of integrated data repositories, whose gatekeepers are patients or citizens. The authors anticipate that such developments will benefit pharmacogenomics sooner than other areas of medical practice.
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