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Related Concept Videos

Self-Regulation01:25

Self-Regulation

Self-regulation, also known as self-control, encompasses a range of cognitive and behavioral processes that allow individuals to adjust their internal states and outward actions to align with socially acceptable norms and long-term goals. It plays a fundamental role in adaptive functioning, from resisting impulsive behaviors to persisting through challenging tasks. While its benefits are widely recognized, self-regulation is not limitless. Muraven and Baumeister's theory posits that...
Drug Abuse and Addiction: Pharmacological Phenomena01:15

Drug Abuse and Addiction: Pharmacological Phenomena

Drug dependence, abuse, and addiction are complex phenomena that can precipitate various abnormal states. Physical dependence refers to a state of pharmacological adaptation to a drug. This adaptation often results in tolerance—a reduced response to the drug after repeated administrations. When the drug use is abruptly stopped, withdrawal symptoms occur due to the body's need to readjust from the pharmacologically induced imbalance. However, tolerance and withdrawal symptoms do not necessarily...
Self-Discrepancy Theory02:45

Self-Discrepancy Theory

One influential perspective on what motivates people's behavior is detailed in Tory Higgin's self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987). He proposed that people hold disagreeing internal representations of themselves that lead to different emotional states.
Drug Dependence01:17

Drug Dependence

Medications are typically administered to achieve therapeutic effects. Some drugs can modify an individual's mood and perception, frequently resulting in various enjoyable experiences. However, this can result in drug dependency, a condition marked by continuous drug use despite potential negative consequences. Drug dependency primarily falls into two categories: psychological and physical dependence. Psychological dependence occurs when the pleasurable feelings induced by the drug...
Self-Presentation: Self-Monitoring and Self-Handicapping02:05

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People can go to great lengths to protect their self-image and present themselves in ways that they want others to see them. Sociologist Erving Goffman presented the idea that a person is like an actor on a stage. Calling his theory dramaturgy, Goffman believed that we use “impression management” to present ourselves to others as we hope to be perceived. Each situation is a new scene, and individuals perform different roles depending on who is present (Goffman, 1959). Think about the way you...
Instinctive Drift01:05

Instinctive Drift

Instinctive drift refers to the tendency of animals to revert to their innate behaviors despite repeated reinforcement. Breland and Breland demonstrated this concept in an experiment with a raccoon. The raccoon was trained to pick up two coins and place them in a container in exchange for food. Initially, the raccoon learned to associate the coins with food, making them a conditioned stimulus or a substitute for food. However, over time, the raccoon became less willing to put the coins into the...

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A Conflict Model of Reward-seeking Behavior in Male Rats
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Individual variation in resisting temptation: implications for addiction.

Benjamin T Saunders1, Terry E Robinson

  • 1Department of Psychology (Biopsychology Program), University of Michigan, 530 Church Street, East Hall, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.

Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
|February 27, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Some individuals are more susceptible to reward cues like food or drugs, leading to a higher risk of impulse control disorders such as addiction. Understanding these cue-reactivity differences is key to prevention.

Keywords:
AccumbensBinge eatingDopamineGoal-trackingHumanIndividual differencesLearningMotivationObesityPavlovianRatRelapseSign-tracking

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Behavioral Psychology
  • Addiction Research

Background:

  • Pavlovian reward cues (associated with food, drugs) can trigger strong motivational responses.
  • Individual differences exist in how powerfully these cues motivate behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence on individual differences in cue reactivity.
  • To explore the link between cue reactivity and vulnerability to impulse control disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Review of converging evidence from human and non-human animal studies.
  • Analysis of factors influencing cue motivational properties.

Main Results:

  • A subset of individuals are more 'cue reactive,' meaning reward cues attract and motivate them more strongly.
  • This heightened cue reactivity may predispose individuals to maladaptive behaviors.

Conclusions:

  • Individual differences in cue reactivity are significant.
  • High cue reactivity is associated with increased vulnerability to impulse control disorders like addiction and binge eating.