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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes01:28

Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes

The human leg comprises an intricate system of muscles that facilitate the movement of feet and toes. Within this system, the muscles are categorized into the anterior, lateral, and posterior compartments, each with a unique set of muscles carrying out specific functions.
Anterior Compartment
The anterior compartment includes muscles that contribute to the dorsiflexion of the foot. This compartment houses the tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, and extensor digitorum longus muscles.
Ankle Joint01:10

Ankle Joint

The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...
Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula01:10

Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest bone in the body and is located right below the skin. The proximal end of the tibia forms the medial and the lateral condyle, which articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the articulating surfaces is the irregular elevated area known as the intercondylar eminence that serves as the inferior attachment point for...
Diabetic Foot Ulcer01:31

Diabetic Foot Ulcer

Definition A diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a chronic, non-healing wound that develops in individuals with diabetes. It typically occurs on pressure-bearing areas such as the heel, metatarsal heads, or hallux, and carries a high risk of infection and amputation.Pathophysiology • The development of DFUs can be explained by four interconnected mechanisms: neuropathy, ischemia, infection, and impaired wound healing. • Neuropathy is the most common factor. Sensory neuropathy reduces pain perception,...
Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
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Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the neck...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Evaluating the Function of the Foot Core System in the Elderly
08:25

Evaluating the Function of the Foot Core System in the Elderly

Published on: March 11, 2022

Fifth toe deformities: overlapping and underlapping toe.

Paul G Talusan1, Matthew D Milewski, John S Reach

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.

Foot & Ankle Specialist
|February 27, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Fifth toe deformities, like overlapping or underlapping toes, are congenital conditions that can cause pain. Nonoperative treatments are recommended first, with surgery reserved for persistent, symptomatic cases.

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Clinical-oriented Three-dimensional Gait Analysis Method for Evaluating Gait Disorder
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Last Updated: May 13, 2026

Evaluating the Function of the Foot Core System in the Elderly
08:25

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Published on: March 11, 2022

Clinical-oriented Three-dimensional Gait Analysis Method for Evaluating Gait Disorder
06:54

Clinical-oriented Three-dimensional Gait Analysis Method for Evaluating Gait Disorder

Published on: March 4, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Pediatric Orthopedics
  • Podiatry

Background:

  • Fifth toe deformities, including overlapping and underlapping (curly) toes, are congenital conditions.
  • These deformities can range from asymptomatic concerns to painful, disabling conditions in pediatric and adult populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current understanding and treatment approaches for overlapping and underlapping fifth toe deformities.
  • To highlight the need for further research and tailored surgical interventions.

Main Methods:

  • Expert opinion and review of published literature.
  • Level V evidence, indicating a consensus-based approach.

Main Results:

  • Pediatric cases often resolve with normal development or conservative measures.
  • Nonoperative treatments include strapping, splinting, shoe modifications, and supportive footwear.
  • Surgical options are diverse but reserved for persistent, symptomatic cases unresponsive to conservative care.

Conclusions:

  • Fifth toe deformities are not extensively studied, and no gold standard treatment exists.
  • Surgeons should individualize treatment plans based on patient-specific pathology.
  • Further prospective research with larger cohorts and detailed outcomes is necessary.